Scribd
Upload
5 views3 pages

Chapter 1 - The Particulate Nature of Matter

The document discusses the particulate nature of matter, outlining the three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, along with their properties and behavior according to the kinetic particle theory. It explains how matter can change states through processes such as melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation, and emphasizes the significance of melting and boiling points in identifying substances. Additionally, it covers the concept of diffusion, highlighting that it occurs in liquids and gases as particles move from areas of higher to lower concentration.

Uploaded by

gavva.samanvitha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views3 pages

Chapter 1 - The Particulate Nature of Matter

The document discusses the particulate nature of matter, outlining the three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, along with their properties and behavior according to the kinetic particle theory. It explains how matter can change states through processes such as melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation, and emphasizes the significance of melting and boiling points in identifying substances. Additionally, it covers the concept of diffusion, highlighting that it occurs in liquids and gases as particles move from areas of higher to lower concentration.

Uploaded by

gavva.samanvitha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Chapter 1: The Particulate Nature of Matter

I). States of Matter:

 A matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space.

 There are three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.

 Most of the matters can exist in all three states.

 Matter can change from one state to another due to changes in temperature or pressure.

 A common example is water: on room temperature it is liquid, on freezing it becomes solid (ice), and on boiling it becomes gas

(water vapour).

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Shape Fixed Not fixed Not fixed

Volume Fixed Fixed Not fixed

Compressibility Cannot be compressed Cannot be compressed Can be compressed

Table 1.1. Properties of solids, liquids and gases.

II). Kinetic Particle Theory:

The kinetic particle theory states that all matter is made up of tiny particles, and that these particles are in constant, random motion.
However, the movement of these particles varies according to the state of matter.

The Solid State:

 The forces of attraction between the particles of solid are very strong, so they are held very close together and cannot move
about freely.
 They have very less kinetic energy, enough to enable them to vibrate about their fixed positions. This is why a solid has a fixed
shape.
 As these particles are already very closely packed, a solid cannot be further compressed, which is why it has a fixed volume.

The Liquid State:

 The forces of attraction between the particles of a liquid are weaker than those in a solid.
 These particles are not held in fixed positions, but instead arranged in a disorderly manner, and, due to higher kinetic energy as
compared to solid, can move freely by sliding over each other. This is why a liquid does not have a fixed shape.
 The particles of a liquid are further away from each other as compared to those in a solid, but are still packed quite closely
together. Thus a liquid cannot be compressed and has a fixed volume.

The Gaseous State:

 The particles of a gas have high kinetic energy and very low forces of attraction, therefore they are not held in fixed positions.
 They can move about rapidly in any direction, therefore a gas has no fixed shape.
 A gas takes up as much free space as provided to it, which is why there are large distances between particles. These spaces
make it possible for the gas to be compressed, or forced into coming closer. Therefore, a gas has no fixed volume.
III). Changes in State:

Solid to Liquid: Melting

Liquid to Solid: Freezing

Liquid to Gas: Evaporation or Boiling

Gas to Liquid: Condensation

Solid to Gas: Sublimation

Gas to Solid: Solidification

 Melting and boiling points are important in identifying a substance and testing its purity.
 Pure substances have definite melting and boiling points. The presence of impurities will cause boiling points to rise and melting
points to fall.

● The constant temperature at which a pure solid changes into a liquid is called its melting point.
● The constant temperature at which a pure liquid changes into a gas is called its boiling point.

Heating curve of a pure substance:

Cooling curve of a pure substance:


Note: the parts in both graphs that do not show any temperature change are the parts in which the state changes occur. In them, both states
occur together.

IV). Diffusion:

Diffusion is the movement/spread out of particles randomly from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

As it involves a movement of particles, it is only possible in liquids and gases.

Gases diffuse faster than liquids as they are generally lighter.

Gases take up whatever space is available to them. This is because of diffusion. This phenomenon is shown in the figure below.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy