8805 MP and its Functional Unit

8085 is pronounced as "eighty-eighty-five"

microprocessor. It is an 8-bit microprocessor D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
designed by Intel in 1977 using NMOS technology.
It has 8-bit data bus, 16-bit address bus, which can S Z AC P CY
address upto 64 KB, a 16-bit program counter and
stack pointer, Six 8-bit registers arranged in pairs: Instruction Register And Decoder: It is an 8-
BC, DE and power supply +5V and operate at bit register used to temporarily store the
maximum frequency of 3HZ. instruction fetched from memory. The instruction
8085 consists of the following functional units : stored in the Instruction Register is then decoded
Accumulator: It is an 8-bit register used to by the Instruction Decoder to determine the
perform arithmetic, logical, I/O & LOAD/STORE operation to be performed.
operations. It is connected to internal data bus & Timing and Control Unit: It provides timing and
ALU. The result of an operation is stored in the control signals to perform microprocessor
accumulator. The accumulator is also identified as operations. These signals manage both internal
register A. and external circuits:
Arithmetic and Logic Unit: It performs arithmetic  Control Signals: READY, RD, WR, ALE
and logical operations like Addition, Subtraction,  Status Signals: S0, S1, IO/M
AND, OR, etc. on 8-bit data. It performs operations  DMA Signals: HOLD, HLDA
using data from memory and the Accumulator,  Reset Signals: RESET IN, RESET OUT
and stores the result in the Accumulator. Interrupt Control Unit: It handles external and
General Purpose Register: In 8085 internal interrupts by briefly pausing the main
microprocessor, there are 6 general purpose program to execute interrupt routines. The
registers i.e. B,C,D,E,H and L, which each hold 8-bit 8085 microprocessor supports five interrupts:
data. To hold 16-bit data, they can be combined as INTR, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and TRAP.
register pairs-BC,DE and HL. Priorities of Interrupts: TRAP > RST 7.5 > RST
Program Counter (PC): It is a 16-bit register that is 6.5 > RST 5.5 > INTR
used to store the memory address location of the Serial Input/Output Control: It controls the
next instruction to be executed. Automatically serial data communication by using these two
increments to point to the address of the next instructions: SID (Serial input data) and SOD
instruction during program execution. (Serial output data).
Stack Pointer (SP): It is also a 16-bit register which Address Buffer and Address-Data Buffer: Load
is used as a memory pointer. It points to a memory contents from the Stack Pointer and Program
location in R/W memory, called the stack. It is Counter to communicate with the CPU. They
always incremented/decremented by 2 during connect memory and I/O chips to the CPU for
push & pop operations. data exchange.
Temporary register: It is an 8-bit register, which Address Bus and Data Bus: The address bus is
holds the temporary data of arithmetic and logical unidirectional and carries the location of data. The
operations. data bus is bidirectional and carries the actual data
between the CPU and I/O devices.
Flag register: It is an 8-bit register having five 1-bit
flip-flops, which holds either 0 or 1 depending
upon the result stored in the accumulator.
These are the set of 5 flip-flops −
 Sign (S)
 Zero (Z)
 Auxiliary Carry (AC)
 Parity (P)
 Carry (C)
Its bit position is shown in the following table –
8085-Pin Configuration
The pins of a 8085 microprocessor can be
classified into seven groups −
1. Address Bus: A15-A8, it carries the most
significant 8-bits of memory/IO address.
2. Data bus: AD7-AD0, it carries the least
significant 8-bit address and data bus.
3. Control and Status Signals: These signals
define the operation type.
Control signals:
 RD: Indicates reading from memory or
I/O.
 WR: Indicates writing to memory or
I/O.
 ALE: Pulse signaling address (high) or
data (low) during operations.
Status signals:
 IO/M, S0, S1: Indicate the current
operation status.
Three status signals are IO/M, SO &
S1.
IO/M Signal: Indicates the type of operation—
high for I/O operations and low for memory
operations.
S1 & S0: These signals are used to identify the
type of current operation.
4. Power supply: There are 2 power supply
signals − VCC & VSS. VCC indicates +5v
power supply and VSS indicates ground
signal.
5. Clock signals: There are 3 clock signals, i.e.
X1, X2, CLK OUT.
6. Interrupts & externally initiated signal:
Interrupts & externally initiated signals
Interrupts are the signals generated by
external devices to request the
microprocessor to perform a task. There are
5 interrupt signals, i.e. TRAP, RST 7.5, RST
6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR
7. Serial I/O Signals: There are 2 serial signals,
i.e. SID and SOD and these signals are used
for serial communication.