Dept. of Electronics & Communuication Engg.

ADE Lab Manual

PRIYADARSHINI BHAGWATI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
Harpur Nagar, Umred Road,
Nagpur - 440024

LABORATORY MANUAL
ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

B.E. IV SEMESTER

Name : —————————————————–
Roll No : ————————————————–
Class/Branch : ———————————————
Subject : ————————————————–

Prepared By -
Dr. Pramod R. Bokde
Assistant Professor,
EC Department

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EXPERIMENT NO. 1

AIM : To study Amplitude Modulation (AM) generation using

MATLAB.

TOOLS USED : Ubuntu Operating System, Matlab Software

THEORY :
For a signal to be transmitted to a distance, without the effect of any
external interferences or noise addition and without getting faded
away, it has to undergo a process called as Modulation. It improves
the strength of the signal without disturbing the parameters of the
original signal.
What is Modulation?
A message carrying a signal has to get transmitted over a distance
and for it to establish a reliable communication, it needs to take the
help of a high frequency signal which should not affect the origi-
nal characteristics of the message signal. The characteristics of the
message signal, if changed, the message contained in it also alters.
Hence, it is a must to take care of the message signal. A high fre-
quency signal can travel up to a longer distance, without getting
affected by external disturbances. We take the help of such high
frequency signal which is called as a carrier signal to transmit our
message signal. Such a process is simply called as Modulation.
Modulation is the process of changing the parameters of the car-
rier signal, in accordance with the instantaneous values of the mod-
ulating signal.
Needs for modulation:
In order to carry the low frequency message signal to a longer dis-
tance, the high frequency carrier signal is combined with it.

ˆ Reduction in antennaheight

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ˆ Long distancecommunication

ˆ Ease ofradiation

ˆ Multiplexing

ˆ Improve the quality ofreception

ˆ Avoid mixing up of othersignals

Amplitude modulation:
Amplitude Modulation is defined as changing the amplitude of the
carrier signal with respect to the instantaneous change in message
signal.
Modulation index:
It is defined as ratio of amplitude of the message signal to the am-
plitude of the carrier signal.
Am
m=
Ac
Percentage modulation:
It is the percentage change in the amplitude of the output wave when
the carrier is acted on by a modulating signal.
Am
M= × 100
Ac

MATLAB CODE :

clc;
close all;
clear all;

Ac=2; %carrier amplitude

fc=0.5; %carrier frequency
Am=.5; %message signal amplitude

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fm=.05; %message signal frequency

Fs=100; %sampling rate/frequency

ka=1; %Amplitude Sensitivity

%defining the time range & disseminating it into samples
t=[0:0.1:50];

%defining the carrier signal wave

ct=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t);

%defining the message signal

mt=Am*cos(2*pi*fm*t);

%Amplitude Modulated wave, according to the standard definition

AM=ct.*(1+ka*mt);

subplot(3,1,1); %plotting the message signal wave

plot(mt);
ylabel(’Message signal’);

subplot(3,1,2); %plotting the carrier signal wave

plot(ct);
ylabel(’carrier’);

subplot(3,1,3); %plotting the amplitude modulated wave

plot(AM);
ylabel(’AM signal’);

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OUTPUT :

Figure 1: Amplitude Modulation

RESULT :
The program for Amplitude Modulation has been simulated in Mat-
lab and necessary graphs are plotted.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 2

AIM : To study Frequency Modulation (FM) generation using MAT-

LAB.

TOOLS USED : Ubuntu Operating System, Matlab Software

THEORY :
Frequency modulation is a system in which the frequency of the
carrier is varied in accordance with the signal amplitude.
Let’s assume for the moment that the carrier of the transmitter
is at its resting frequency (no modulation) of 100MHz and we apply
a modulating signal. The amplitude of the modulating signal will
cause the carrier to deviate from this resting frequency by a certain
amount. If we increase the amplitude of this signal, we will increase
the deviation to a maximum of 75 kHz as specified by the FCC. If
we remove the modulating voltage, the carrier shifts back to resting
frequency (100MHz). From this we can say that the deviation of the
carrier is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating voltage.
The shift in the carrier frequency from its resting point compared
to the amplitude of the modulating voltage is called the deviation
ratio (a deviation ratio of 5 is the maximum) allowed in commer-
cially broadcast FM) The rate at which the carrier shifts from its
resting point to a no resting point is determined by the frequency
of the modulating signal. The interaction between the amplitude
and frequency of the modulating signal on the carrier is complex
and requires the use of Bessel?s function to analyze the results). If
the modulating signal is 15kHz at a certain amplitude and the car-
rier shift is 75 kHz, the transmitter will produce eight significant
sidebands. This is known as the maximum deviation ratio. If the
frequency deviation of the carrier is known and the frequency of the

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modulating signal is known then -

Frquency Deviation
Modulation Index =
Frequency AF

MATLAB CODE :

clc;
close all;
clear all;

% Set the parameters

fs = 4000; % Sampling Frequency
a = 5; % Amplitude of Carrier signal

fm = 10 ; % Frequency of modulating signal

fc = 100 ; % Frequency of Carrier signal
m = 5 ; % Modulation Index for FM

t = 0 : 0.0001 : 1 ;

% Plot and display Modulating Signal

sm = a * sin(2 * pi * fm * t) ;
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t,sm);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
title(’Modulating signal/Message Signal’);
grid on

% Plot and display Carrier Signal

sc = a * sin(2 * pi* fc * t);

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subplot(4,1,2);

plot(t,sc);
title(’Carrier Signal’);
grid on

% Plot and display Frequency Modulated Signal

sfm = a * sin( (2 * pi*fc*t) + (m.* sin(2 * pi * fm * t)));
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,sfm);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
title(’Frequency Modulated Signal’);
grid on

fdev = fc + 10;
% Demodulation
fdem = fmdemod(sfm,fc,fs,fdev);
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,fdem);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
title(’Demodulated signal’);

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OUTPUT :

Figure 2: Frequency Modulation

RESULT :
The program for Frequency Modulation and dmodulation has been
simulated in Matlab and necessary graphs are plotted.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 3

AIM : : To generate amplitude shift keyed (ASK) signal using MAT-

LAB

TOOLS USED : Ubuntu Operating System, Matlab Software

THEORY :
Generation of ASK
Amplitude shift keying - ASK - is a modulation process, which im-
parts to a sinusoid two or more discrete amplitude levels. These are
related to the number of levels adopted by the digital message.
For a binary message sequence there are two levels, one of which
is typically zero. The data rate is a sub-multiple of the carrier fre-
quency. Thus the modulated waveform consists of bursts of a sinu-
soid. One of the disadvantages of ASK, compared with FSK and
PSK, for example, is that it has not got a constant envelope. This
makes its processing (eg, power amplification) more difficult, since
linearity becomes an important factor. However, it does make for
ease of demodulation with an envelope detector.
Demodulation
ASK signal has a well defined envelope. Thus it is amenable to de-
modulation by an envelope detector. Some sort of decision-making
circuitry is necessary for detecting the message. The signal is recov-
ered by using a correlator and decision making circuitry is used to
recover the binary sequence.

MATLAB CODE :

clc;
close all;

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clear all;
fc = 100; % Frequency of sine wave carrier
fp = 10; % Frequency of Periodic Binary pulse message
amp = 4; % Amplitude for Carrier and Binary pulse message
t = 0 : 0.001 : 1;
c = amp.*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,c);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
title(’Carrier Wave’);
m = amp/2 .* square(2*pi*fp*t) + (amp/2);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,m);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
title(’Binary Message Pulse Wave’);
w = c .*m ;
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,w);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
title(’ASK Wave’);

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OUTPUT :

Figure 3:

RESULT :
The program for ASK modulation has been simulated in MATLAB
and necessary graphs are plotted.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 4

AIM : :To generate frequency shift keyed (FSK) signal using MAT-
LAB

TOOLS USED : Ubuntu Operating System, Matlab Software

THEORY :
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in
which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency
changes of a carrier wave. The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK).
BFSK uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s and
1s) information. With this scheme, the ”1” is called the mark fre-
quency and the ”0” is called the space frequency.
In binary FSK system, symbol 1 & 0 are distinguished from each
other by transmitting one of the two sinusoidal waves that differ in
frequency by a fixed amount.
r
2E
Si (t) = cos(2πf1 t)
Tb
Where i=1, 2 & Eb = Transmitted energy/bit.
nc+i
Transmitted freq= fi = Tb and n = constant (integer), Tb = bit
interval.
Symbol 1 is represented by S1 (t)
Symbol 0 is represented by S0 (t).

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MATLAB CODE :

clc;
close all;
clear all;
fc1 = 10; % Frequency of 1st sine wave carrier
fc2 = 30; % Frequency of 2nd sine wave carrier
fp = 5; % Frequency of periodic binary pulse message
amp = 4; % Amplitude of both carrier and binary pulse message
t = 0 : 0.001 : 1;
c1 = amp .* sin(2*pi*fc1*t);
c2 = amp .* sin(2*pi*fc2*t);
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t,c1);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
title(’Carrier Wave 1’);
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,c2);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
title(’Carrier Wave 2’);
m = amp .* square(2*pi*fp*t) + amp;
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,m);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
title(’Binary Message Signal’);
for i = 0 : 1000
if m(i + 1) = = 0
mm(i + 1) = c2(i + 1);

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else
mm(i + 1) = c1(i +1);
end;
end;
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,mm);
xlabel(’Time’);
ylabel(’Amplitude’);
title(’FSK Modulated Signal’);

OUTPUT :

Figure 4: Frequency Shift Keying Output

RESULT :
The program for FSK modulation has been simulated in MATLAB
and necessary graphs are plotted.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 5

AIM : :To verify sampling theorem using MATLAB

TOOLS USED : Ubuntu Operating System, Matlab Software

THEORY :
Sampling is the process of converting a continuous time signal into a
discrete time signal. In sampling, the values of the continuous time
signal are recorded at discrete intervals of time (usually equidistant).
The number of samples taken during one second is called the
sampling rate. Sampling is described by the relation:

x(n) = xa (nT ) −∞<n<∞

Where x(n) is the discrete-time signal obtained by sampling the

1
analog signal every T seconds. Fs = T is known as the Sampling
Frequency.
The Sampling Theorem states that: ”A band limited signal can
be reconstructed exactly if it is sampled at a rate at least twice the
maximum frequency component in it”.
Assume a band-limited signal xa (t) = A sin(ωt) = A sin(2πF t)
with maximum frequency component ’ω’ . The theorem says that,
for a good reconstruction of the original continuous time signal, the
sampling frequency must be at least 2ω. This frequency is known as
the ”Nyquist Rate”.
Sampling this signal at Fs gives us the discrete time signal:
 
2πF n
xa (nT ) = A sin
Fs

sin 2πF t
g(t) =
2πF t

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Then, approximated recovered signal can be written as:

∞    
X n n
x′a (t) = xa g t−
n=−∞
Fs Fs

Whenever the Sampling frequency Fs is greater than or equal to

the Nyquist Frequency, the signal can be reconstructed faithfully,
capturing all the essential properties of the original continuous-time
signal.
However, when Fs < 2F , we encounter a problem called ”Alias-
ing”, where distortion is caused by high frequencies overlapping low
frequencies. A lot of data is lost in this process and the signal cannot
be recovered.
Now, assuming the sampling frequency is more than the Nyquist
Frequency, the continuous time signal can be reconstructed accu-
rately using the interpolation function.

MATLAB CODE :

clear all;
close all;
clc;
% Signal Parameters
f = 1000 ; % Signal Frequency = 1kHz
T = 1/f ; % Signal Period
t = 0:0.01*T:2*T ; % Time index
% Generate the original signal and plot it:
x = cos(2*pi*f*t) ; % Signal : 2*pi*f*t
subplot(2,2,1) ;
plot(t,x) ;
title(’Continuous signal’) ;
xlabel(’t’) ;
ylabel(’x(t)’) ;

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%Oversampling Condition:
fs1 = 10*f ; % Oversampling (fs > 2f)
n1 = 0:1/fs1:2*T ; % Time scale (nTs)
x1 = cos(2*pi*f*n1) ; % Generating sampled signal
subplot(2,2,2) ;
stem(n1,x1) ;
hold on ;
plot(n1,x1,’r’) ;
hold off ;
title(’Oversampling Condition : fs = 10f’) ;
xlabel(’n’) ;
ylabel(’x(n)’) ;
% Right Sampling Condition:
fs2 = 2*f ; % Nyquist Rate Sampling (fs = 2f)
n2 = 0:1/fs2:2*T ; % Time scale (nTs)
x2 = cos(2*pi*f*n2) ;
subplot(2,2,3) ;
stem(n2,x2) ;
hold on ;
plot(n2,x2,’r’) ;
hold off ;
title(’Sampling at Nyquist Frequency : fs = 2f’) ;
xlabel(’n’) ;
ylabel(’x(n)’) ; % Under Sampling Condition:
fs3 = 1.5*f ; % Undersampling (fs < 2f)
n3 = 0:1/fs3:2*T ; % Time scale (nTs)
x3 = cos(2*pi*f*n3) ;
subplot(2,2,4) ;
stem(n3,x3) ;
hold on ;
plot(n3,x3,’r’) ;

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hold off ;
title(’Undersampling Condition : fs = 1.5 f’) ;
xlabel(’n’) ;
ylabel(’x(n)’) ;

OUTPUT :

Figure 5: Sampling Process with various sampling frequencies

RESULT :
The program for verification of Sampling Theorem is simulated in
Matlab and necessary graphs are plotted.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 6

AIM : :To study Quantization using MATLAB

TOOLS USED : Ubuntu Operating System, Matlab Software

THEORY :
The digitization of analog signals involves the rounding off of the
values which are approximately equal to the analog values. The
method of sampling chooses a few points on the analog signal and
then these points are joined to round off the value to a near stabilized
value. Such a process is called as Quantization.
The analog-to-digital converters perform this type of function to
create a series of digital values out of the given analog signal. This
signal to get converted into digital, has to undergo sampling and
quantizing.
The quantizing of an analog signal is done by discretizing the
signal with a number of quantization levels. Quantization is repre-
senting the sampled values of the amplitude by a finite set of lev-
els, which means converting a continuous-amplitude sample into a
discrete-time signal.
Both sampling and quantization result in the loss of information.
The quality of a Quantizer output depends upon the number of quan-
tization levels used. The discrete amplitudes of the quantized out-
put are called as representation levels or reconstruction levels. The
spacing between the two adjacent representation levels is called a
quantum or step-size.
Types of Quantization
There are two types of Quantization - Uniform Quantization and
Non-uniform Quantization.
The type of quantization in which the quantization levels are uni-
formly spaced is termed as a Uniform Quantization. The type of

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quantization in which the quantization levels are unequal and mostly

the relation between them is logarithmic, is termed as a Non-uniform
Quantization.
There are two types of uniform quantization. They are Mid-Rise
type and Mid-Tread type. The following figures represent the two
types of uniform quantization.
Quantization Error
For any system, during its functioning, there is always a difference
in the values of its input and output. The processing of the system
results in an error, which is the difference of those values.
The difference between an input value and its quantized value is
called a Quantization Error. A Quantizer is a logarithmic func-
tion that performs Quantization roundingoffthevalue. An analog-to-
digital converter (ADC) works as a quantizer.
Quantization Noise
It is a type of quantization error, which usually occurs in analog au-
dio signal, while quantizing it to digital. For example, in music, the
signals keep changing continuously, where a regularity is not found
in errors. Such errors create a wideband noise called as Quantization
Noise.

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MATLAB CODE :

clc;
clear all;
close all;

% Times at which to sample the sine function

t = [0:0.1:2*pi] ;

% Original signal, a sine wave

sig = sin(t) ;

% Length 11, to represent 12 intervals

partition = [-1:0.2:1] ;

% Length 12, one entry for each interval

codebook = [-1.2:0.2:1];
[index,quants] = quantiz(sig,partition,codebook); % Quantize.
plot(t, sig, ’x’, t, quants, ’.’ );
legend(’Original signal’, ’Quantized signal’ );
axis([-0.2 7 -1.2 1.2]);

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OUTPUT :

Figure 6: Output Waveform showing Quantization Process

RESULT :
The program for verification of Qunatization process is simulated in
Matlab and necessary graphs are plotted.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 7

AIM : To study Integrator circuit using OP-AMP

TOOLS USED : Virtual Lab

THEORY :
Operational Amplifier commonly known as Op-Amp, is a linear el-
cectronic device having three terminals, two high impedence input
and one output terminal. Op-Amp can perform multiple function
when attached to diffrent feedback combinations like resistive, ca-
pacitive or both. Generally it is used as voltage amplifier and the
output voltage of the Op-Amp is the diffrence between the voltages
at its two input terminals.
Op-Amp shows some properties that make it an ideal amplifier,
its open loop gain and input impedance is infinite (i.e., practically
very high), Output impedance and offset voltage is zero(i.e., practi-
cally very low) and bandwidth is infinite(i.e., practically limitted to
frequency where its gain become unity).
The Integrator : It is a circuit designed with Op-Amp in such
a way that it performs the mathametical Integration operation, its
output is proportional to the amplitude and time duration of the
input applied. The integrator circuit layout is same as a inverting
amplifier but the feedback resistor is replaced by a capacitor which
make the circuit frequency dependent. In this case the circuit is
derived by the time duration of input applied which results in the
charging and discharging of the capacitor. Initially when the voltage
is applied to integrator the uncharged capacitor allows maximum
current to pass through it and no current flows through the Op-
Amp due to the presence of virtual ground, the capacitor starts to
charge at the rate of RC time constant and its impedence starts to
increase with time and a potential diffrence is develops accross the

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capacitor resulting in charging current to decrease.This results in

the ratio of capacitor’s impedance and input resistance increasing
causing a linearly increasing ramp output voltage that continues to
increase until the capacitor becomes fully charged.

PROCEDURE :

ˆ Connect the components as mentioned below: L1-L7 or L1-L3,

L3-L7, L4-L5, L11-L8, L12-L6, L8-L9, L4-L10.(For eg. click on
1 and then drag to 3 and so on.)

ˆ Click on ’Check Connection’ button to check the connections.

ˆ If connected wrong click on ’Delete all connection’ button to

erase all the connections.

ˆ Set the resistance(R) and the capacitance (C) (Intially set R=10
kΩ and C=0.1 µF ).

ˆ Click on ’ON’ button to start th experiment.

ˆ Click on ’Square Wave’ button to generate input waveform.

ˆ Click on ’Oscilloscope’ button to get the output waveform.

ˆ Vary the Amplitude, Frequency, volt/div using the controllers.

ˆ Click on ”Dual” button to observe both the waveform.

ˆ Channel 1 shows the input square waveform, Channel 2 shows

the output waveform.

ˆ Repeat the experiment by applying ’Sine wave’ as input.

ˆ Click on ’Sine Wave’ button to generate input waveform.

ˆ Click on ’Oscilloscope’ button to get the output waveform.

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ˆ Vary the Amplitude, Frequency, volt/div using the controllers.

ˆ Click on ”Dual” button to observe both the waveform.

ˆ Channel 1 shows the input sine waveform, Channel 2 shows the

output waveform.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Figure 7: Integrator using OP-AMP with its output waveform

RESULT :
The circuit of Integrator using OP-AMP is simulated in virtual lab
and necessary graphs are plotted and observed on CRO.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 8

AIM : To study Voltage regulator using operational amplifier to

produce output of 12V.

TOOLS USED : Virtual Lab

THEORY :
A voltage regulator is an integrated circuit (IC) that provides a con-
stant fixed output voltage regardless of a change in the load or input
voltage. It can do this many ways depending on the topology of the
circuit within, but for the purpose of keeping this project basic, we
will mainly focus on the linear regulator. A linear voltage regulator
works by automatically adjusting the resistance via a feedback loop,
accounting for changes in both load and input, all while keeping the
output voltage constant.

Figure 8: Series Voltage Regulator using OP-AMP

Electronic voltage regulators utilize solid-state semiconductor de-

vices to smooth out variations in the flow of current. In most cases,
they operate as variable resistances; that is, resistance decreases
when the electrical load is heavy and increases when the load is

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lighter.
Voltage regulators find their applications in computers, alterna-
tors, power generator plants where the circuit is used to control
the output of the plant. Voltage regulators may be classified as elec-
tromechanical or electronic. It can also be classified as AC regulators
or DC regulators. All electronic voltage regulators will have a stable
voltage reference source which is provided by the reverse breakdown
voltage operating diode called zener diode. The main reason to use
a voltage regulator is to maintain a constant dc output voltage. It
also blocks the ac ripple voltage that cannot be blocked by the fil-
ter. A good voltage regulator may also include additional circuits
for protection like short circuits, current limiting circuit, thermal
shutdown, and overvoltage protection.

PROCEDURE :

ˆ Connect the probes and mentioned below:

ˆ L1-L2,L3-L4,L4 & L5 to CRO knobs.

ˆ Click on the ”check” button to check if the connections are right.

ˆ Once you make sure that the connections are right, you may
vary the input voltage from 7.5V to 35V and calculate the out-
put voltage.

ˆ Click on ”Add to table” button to add the readings to the table.

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Figure 9: Series Voltage Regulator with recorded output

RESULT :
The circuit of Series voltage regulator using OP-AMP to produce 12
V, 500 mA output is simulated in virtual lab observed and recorded
the output.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 9

AIM : To analyse Wein bridge oscillator using operational Amplifier.

TOOLS USED : Virtual Lab

THEORY :
It is the commonly used audio frequency oscillator which employs
both positive and negative feedback. The feedback signal is con-
nected in the non-inverting input terminal so that the amplifier is
working in non-inverting mode. The Wien bridge circuit is connected
between amplifier input terminal and output terminal. The bridge
has a series RC network in one arm and a parallel RC network in
the adjoining arm. In the remaining two arms of the bridge, resistor
R1 and Rf are connected. The phase angle criterion for oscillation is
that the total phase shift around the circuit must be zero. This con-
dition occurs when bridge is balanced. At resonance, the frequency
of oscillation is exactly the resonance frequency of balanced Wien
bridge and is given by
1
fo =
2πRC
At this frequency, the gain required for sustained oscillation is 3.
It is provided by the non-inverting amplifier with
Rf
Gain = 1 + =3
R1

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Dept. of Electronics & Communuication Engg. ADE Lab Manual

Figure 10: Series Voltage Regulator using OP-AMP

Effect of variation of resistance and capacitance on fre-

quency
The frequency of the oscillator varies with the variation in capac-
itance. It is inversely proportional to the capacitance. In other
words, the frequency decreases with the increase in capacitance and
vice versa. The variation in resistance has a similar effect on the
frequency of the oscillator.

PROCEDURE :

ˆ Connect the output terminals to the cro.(L1-L2,L3-L4)

ˆ Click on the ”check” button to check if the connections are right.

ˆ Once you make sure that the connections are right, you may
vary the resistance and calculate the output frequency

ˆ Increase the resistance from 0.3 KΩ to 300 KΩ.

ˆ Click on ”Add to table” button to add the reading to the table.

Observe the waveform in the graph.

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Dept. of Electronics & Communuication Engg. ADE Lab Manual

Figure 11: Wein Bridge Oscillator using OP-AMP Simulation with recorded out-
put frequency

RESULT :
The circuit of Wein Bridge Oscillator using OP-AMP is simulated
in virtual lab and necessary waveforms observed and the frequency
for various values of Resistances are recorded.

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Dept. of Electronics & Communuication Engg. ADE Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT NO. 10

AIM : To study voltage to current converter.

TOOLS USED : Virtual Lab

THEORY :
In most of the cases we get the output of measuring devices in the
form of voltage. It is not good to transmit this output voltage to the
destination directly. Due to addition of noise and wire impedance
the output voltage may get corrupted. So in such cases we have
convert that voltage into current form. So let us see voltage to
current converter.
Op-amp is implemented to simply convert the voltage signal to
corresponding current signal. The Op-amp used for this purpose is
IC LM741. This Op-amp is designed to hold the precise amount of
current by applying the voltage which is essential to sustain that
current through out the circuit. The output current is given by -
Vin
Io =
R
Following circuit shows the voltage to current converter using op-
erational amplifier. It consist of simple resistance connected to the
inverting and non inverting terminals of op amp.

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Dept. of Electronics & Communuication Engg. ADE Lab Manual

Figure 12: Voltage to Current Converter

PROCEDURE :

ˆ Connect the probes and mentioned below:

L1-L2,L3-L5,L4-L6.

ˆ Click on the ”check” button to check if the connections are right.

ˆ Once you make sure that the connections are right, you may
vary the input voltage from 1V to 15V and calculate the output
current by pressing ”Calculate” button.

ˆ Click on ”Add to table” button to add the reading to the ta-

ble. Observe the reading on ammeter for each value oof input
voltage.

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Dept. of Electronics & Communuication Engg. ADE Lab Manual

Figure 13: Voltage to Current Converter Circuit

Figure 14: Recorded output for Voltage to Current Converter

RESULT :
The circuit of Voltage to Current Converter using OP-AMP is sim-
ulated in virtual lab and current for various values of input voltage
are recorded and graph of input Voltage across output current is
plotted.

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