Tech2301: Data Communications

Vinay Kumar Shukla

"ultiple#in$

%e ha e looke& at e!!icient techni'ues !or utili(in$ a &ata link un&er hea y loa&. )n&er the simplest con&itions a me&ium can only carry one si$nal at any moment in time

*or multiple si$nals to share one me&ium the me&ium must somehow +e &i i&e& $i in$ each si$nal a portion o! the +an&wi&th.

,owe er- two communicatin$ stations will not utili(e the !ull capacity o! a &ata link.
*or e!!iciency- it shoul& +e possi+le to share that capacity This is multiplexing

. common application o! multiple#in$ is in lon$/haul communications

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"ultiple sources +ut only one link The multiplexer is connecte& to the demultiplexer +y a sin$le &ata link The ")1 com+ines &ata !rom these 2n3 input lines an& transmits them throu$h the hi$h capacity &ata link The D4")1 &eli ers to the appropriate output lines
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%i&esprea& use o! multiple#in$ can +e e#plaine& as !ollows:

Transmission ser ices is ery e#pensi e

5ease& lines- packet switche& network networks

"ultiple#in$ an& compression techni'ues sa e +usiness money The hi$her the &ata rate- the more cost/e!!ecti e the transmission !acility

*or a $i en application an& o er a $i en &istance- the cost per k+ps &eclines with an increase in the &ata rate o! the transmission !acility Similarly- the cost o! transmission an& recei in$ e'uipment- per k+ps&eclines with increasin$ &ata rate.

"ost in&i i&ual &ata/communicatin$ &e ices re'uire relati ely mo&est &ata/ rate support
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"ultiple#in$ techni'ues can +e cate$ori(e& into the !ollowin$ three types: Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
*re'uency spectrum is &i i&e& into se eral lo$ical channels$i in$- each user e#clusi e possession o! a particular !re'uency +an&. 6t is most popular an& is use& e#tensi ely in ra&io an& TV transmission. 4ach user perio&ically $ets the entire +an&wi&th !or short +urst o! time. 6t is also calle& synchronous TD"Commonly use& !or multiple#in$ &i$iti(e& oice stream. This is also calle& asynchronous TD"- which simply impro es 5 on the e!!iciency o! synchronous TD".

Time-division Multiplexing (TDM)

Statistical TDM

*re'uency/Di ision "ultiple#in$ 7*D"8

Sen&s si$nals in se eral &istinct !re'uency ran$es Carry multiple i&eo channels in a sin$le ca+le

6ma$ine the cost o! strin$in$ a wire !or each channel to peoples homes

4ach si$nal is mo&ulate& onto a &i!!erent carrier an& carrier !re'uencies are separate& +y guard bands 9an&wi&th o! the transmission me&ium e#cee&s re'uire& +an&wi&th o! all the si$nals. )se& in ra&io an& ca+le TV

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%hen channels are ery close to one other- it lea&s to inter/channel cross talk
Channels must +e separate& +y strips o! unuse& +an&wi&th to pre ent inter/channel cross talk These unuse& channels +etween each successi e channel are known as guard bands The ran$e o! !re'uencies ha e to +e non/o erlappin$

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9asic approach:
Di i&e the a aila+le +an&wi&th o! a sin$le physical me&ium into a num+er o! smaller- in&epen&ent !re'uency channels.

)sin$ mo&ulation- in&epen&ent messa$e si$nals are translate& into &i!!erent !re'uency +an&s The carriers use& to mo&ulate the in&i i&ual messa$e si$nals are calle& sub-carriers, shown as f1, f2, ..., fn .nalo$ si$nalin$ is use& to transmit the analo$ si$nals 9roa&cast ra&io an& tele ision- ca+le tele ision *D" is the ol&est multiple#in$ techni'ue.

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. multiple#or accepts inputs an& assi$ns !re'uencies to each &e ice

The assi$nment is !or non/o erlappin$ !re'uency ran$es on a me&ium. .ll si$nals are transmitte& at the same time usin$ &i!!erent !re'uencies The multiple#or is attache& to a hi$h/spee& communication line

6n&i i&ual !re'uencies will a&& up to $reater +an&wi&ths- the line must +e a+le to han&le them.

.t the recei in$ en&:

The &emultiple#or on a hi$h/spee& separates the multiple#e& si$nals

6t is more suscepti+le to noise +ecause it per!orms analo$ si$nalin$ 9

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*re'uency &istri+ute& to &i!!erent users

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*re'uency &i ision multiple#e& circuit

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:ro+lem with *D" is that is it cannot utilize the full capacity of the cable. ;emem+er:

*re'uency +an&s &o not o erlap

There must +e a consi&era+le $ap +etween the !re'uency +an&s in or&er to ensure that the si$nals !rom +an& &o not a!!ect the si$nals in another +an&

*D" carries analo$ si$nals althou$h mo&ulate& &i$ital si$nals can also +e carrie& usin$ this techni'ue

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%a elen$th/Di ision "ultiple#in$ 7TD"8

Same as *D" +ut applie& to !i+ers The &i!!erence is the that the operatin$ !re'uencies are much hi$her- i.e. in the optical ran$e <reat potential !or !i+er me&ia since the +an&wi&th is so hu$e with &i!!erent ener$y +an&s are passe& throu$h a &i!!raction $ratin$ prism. 6t &oes this +y:

Com+inin$ at the lon$ &istance link Split at the &estination

.& anta$es: hi$h relia+ility an& ery hi$h capacity

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"ultiple#in$ an& &emultiple#in$ si$nals +y usin$ a prism. *i+er spectrum

:ower s !re'uency

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%D" multiple#es multiple &ata streams onto a sin$le !i+er optic line Di!!erent wa elen$th lasers 7lam+&a8 transmits the multiple si$nals 4ach si$nal carrie& on the on the !i+er can +e transmitte& at a &i!!erent rate !rom the other si$nals Dense %D" com+ines as many as 30- =0 or >0 channels in one !i+er

Costly e'uipments Channels more wi&ely space& 5ow costs

Coarse %D" com+ines only a !ew lam+&as

Time Di ision "ultiple#in$

Sharin$ o! the si$nal is accomplishe& +y &i i&in$ a aila+le transmission time on me&ium amon$ users

Time is +ein$ &i i&e& "ay+e in a roun& ro+in !ashion Computer communication Telecommunications Synchronous TD" Statistical TD" or asynchronous

Di$ital si$nalin$ is use& e#clusi ely

6t comes into two +asic !orms:

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5ike *D"- TD" sa es money +y allowin$ more than one telephone call to use a ca+le at the same time.

Since this is synchronous the clocks ha e to +e synchroni(e& +e!ore transmission This way each recei in$ time slot know to which terminal the &ata +elon$s to
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6nstea& o! &i i&in$ the ca+le into !re'uency +an&s- it splits the ca+le usa$e into time slots

4ach user is $i en a time slot in which to sen& a :C" si$nal

TD" can transmit &i!!erent rates

a hierarchy o! &ata streams at

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)se& !or &i$ital si$nals or analo$ si$nals carryin$ &i$itals &ata Data rate o! transmission me&ia e#cee& &ata rate o! si$nals )ses a !rame

?um+er o! +its an& +ytes to !orm one particular unit at which to sen& it o er Slow &e ice will sen& lower num+er o! +its &urin$ his time ,i$h spee& &e ice will sen& lar$er num+er o! +its Slots normally come perio&ically
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@ne slot !or each slice o! time

@ne or more slots !or each &e ice A channel

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Time slots are transmitte& whether source has &ata or not

:ro+lem with TD" The recei er &oes not know the +its comin$- e#cept once it recei es the !rame it will !orwar& it to the appropriate &e ice Suppose Si is sen&in$ to ;i- &urin$ the turn o! Si it happens to ha e nothin$ to sen&- it is not possi+le !or SB to use that particular time slot to sen& its !rame The slot will ha e to +e transmitte& empty.

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Summary o! Synchronous TD"

Sen&er an& recei er ha e to a$ree on the len$th o! time slot The multiple#or accepts input !rom attache& &e ices in a roun&/ro+in !ashion an& transmit the &ata T/1 an& 6SD? telephone lines are common e#amples o! synchronous time &i ision multiple#in$ 6! one &e ice $enerates &ata at a !aster rate than other &e ices

The multiple#or must sample the incomin$ &ata stream more o!ten or +u!!er the incomin$ stream

6! a &e ice has nothin$ to sen& the multiple#or must still insert a piece o! &ata an& multiple# the stream.
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,y+ri& "ultiple#in$ Schemes

9oth *D" an& TD" can +e com+ine& The a aila+le channel is +roken up into !re'uency +an&s 6n each +an&- multiple channels are accommo&ate& throu$h TD" 4#ample is like the cell phone communications

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Statistical Di ision "ultiple#in$

This is also known as asynchronous TD" .s well as TD"- +ut on &eman& rather than !i#e&

.&&resses the pro+lem o! the ori$inal TD" "ultiple#or cannot sen& an empty slot rather i! a &e ice has nothin$ an& an& another one &oes then it will allow the one with !rames to sen& to transmit at that particular time. )tili(es the channel more e!!iciently

Capa+ility o! resche&ulin$ the link on per/packet +asis :ackets !rom &i!!erent sources interlea e& on the link The pro+lem now comes at the &emultiple#or si&e

There is no relationship that Si uses a Ti slot !or it to +e recei e& +y ;i .s a result you ha e to ha e an a&&ress o! the recei in$ host in 25 the packet

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.llows connection o! more no&es to the circuit than the capacity o! the circuit

:ossi+le +ecause with +usty &ata there are still i&le times nee& to +e utili(e& to make the e!!icient ;ate o! utili(ation may increase

%orks on the premise that not all no&es will transmit at !ull capacity at all times "ust transmit a terminal 6D

Destination 6D

"ay re'uire stora$e

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9u!!er packets that are conten&in$ !or the link :acket 'ueue may +e processe& *6*@- +ut not necessarily

@ther schemes may apply as well- e#ample hi$h priority 'ueue6! all sen&ers &eci&e to sen& at the same time Con$estion occurs .s a result there may +e &ata loss

9u!!er o er!low is calle& congestion

. statistical multiple#or transmits only the &ata !rom acti e workstations

6! a workstation is not acti e- no space is waste& on the multiple#e& stream

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. statistical multiple#or accepts the incomin$ &ata streams an& creates a !rame containin$ only the &ata to +e transmitte& To i&enti!y each piece o! &ata- an a&&ress is i&enti!ie&. 6n this case the si(e is !i#e&

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6! the &ata si(e is o! aria+le si(e- a len$th is inclu&e&

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a& anta$es

*D"

Simple Cheap :opular Di$ital si$nals "ultiple#in$ hierarchy

TD"

.t &i!!erent places you may re'uire &i!!erent &ata rates

STD"

"ore e!!icient +an&wi&th use *rame can contain control in!ormation :acket can +e o! aryin$ si(es
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.& anta$es

%D"

Very hi$h capacity Scala+le 5ow noise sensiti ity

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Disa& anta$es

*D"

Suscepti+le to noise %aste& +an&wi&th 5imite& !re'uency ran$e %aste& +an&wi&th "ore comple# an& e#pensi e "ore costly than *D" an& TD"

TD"

STD"

%D"

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Cuestions