UCAB

Facultad de Ingeniería
Mecánica de los Fluidos II.

Integración de Ecuaciones de
Navier Stokes
(clase 2)

Profesor: José María de Viana

Newton’s Second Law:
F are the forces acting on the fluid particle.
m is the mass of a fluid particle, and a is the acceleration of the fluid particle.

Possible Forces, F : Body Forces and Surface Forces

Surface Forces: Pressure and Shear Stresses
Body Forces: Gravity, Magnetic Fields, etc.

Inviscid Flow: If a flow is inviscid, it has zero viscosity.

Conservation of Linear Momentum :

Let P = linear momentum,

Then,

Applying the differential form,

2
Body Forces:

Surface Forces: Normal Stress:

Shear Stress:

Then the total forces:

3
Looking at the various sides of the differential element, the shear and
normal stresses are shown for an x-face.

4
 In components:

For x-component, F x  m a x
 F b x   F sx   m a x

   xx   yx   zx 
m g x     x y z  m a x
 x y z 

  xx   yx   zx 
Divide by V  x y z g x       a x
 x y z 
Force Terms Material derivative for a

(1)

5
Viscous stresses are surface forces per unit area.
(Similar to pressure)

(Viscous stresses)
6
 Forces acting on a differential element (3-D)

P szz
z
tzx
tzy
x txz
y tyz P
P sxx
tyx txy
syy

 The first subscript indicates the direction of the normal to the plane
on which the stress acts.
 The second subscript indicates the direction of the stress. 7
 Differential Momentum Balance

2. Estimation of forces acting on the element

z
 xz 6  A z   xz 6  x  y

 xy 4  x  z

 xx 1  A x   xx 1  y  z  xx 2  y  z

x
 xy 3  x  z
 xz 5  x  y
y
8
 Equations of Motion
 x-component of momentum equation: (15.7a)
 Vx Vx Vx Vx     xx  yx  zx 
  Vx  Vy  Vz        g x
 t x y z   x y z 

 y-component of momentum equation: (15.7b)

 Vy Vy Vy Vy    xy   yy  zy 

  Vx  Vy  Vz        g y
 t x y z   x y z 
 z-component of momentum equation: (15.7c)

 Vz Vz Vz Vz    xz  yz   zz 

  Vx  Vy  Vz        g z
 t x y z   x y z 
9
 Stress – Deformation relationship
dVx
 yx  
Reminder: Newton’s law in one direction: dy

In general the stresses are linearly related to the rates of deformation:

(shear stress) = (viscosity)x(rate of shear strain)
 In Cartesian coordinates, for the 3-D case:

 Vx   Vx  Vy 
 xx   p  2  xy   yx     
x  y x 
 Vy   Vy  Vz 
 yy   p  2  yz   zy      (15.8)
y  z y 
 Vz   Vz  Vx 
 zz   p  2  zx   xz    
z  x z 
10
 Navier-Stokes Equations

Taking into account the stress-deformation relationships (Eq. 15.8) and

making the following assumptions:
 The fluid has constant density
 The flow is laminar throughout
 The fluid is Newtonian
we obtain the Navier-Stokes Equations:

11
 Viscosity effects for a Newtonian Fluid
Normal Stresses: Shear Stresses:

식 (1) 에
대입

Navier-Stokes Eqn
(x –direction)

12
 Navier-Stokes Equations
(15.9a)
 x-component :
 Vx Vx Vx Vx  p   2 Vx  2 Vx  2 Vx 
  Vx  Vy  Vz     g x      
 t x y z  x  x y z 2
2 2


 y-component : (15.9b)

 Vy Vy Vy Vy  p   2 Vy  2 Vy  2 Vy 

   Vx  Vy  Vz      g y      

 t x y z  y   
2 2 2
 x y z 
 z-component : (15.9c)

 Vz Vz Vz Vz  p   2 Vz  2 Vz  2 Vz 

  Vx  Vy  Vz     g z      
  t  x  y  z   z   x 2
 y 2
 z 2


13
 Navier-Stokes Equations
In cylindrical (polar) coordinates:
 r-component : (15.10a)

 Vr Vr V Vr V2 Vz 

  Vr    Vz 
 t r r  r z 
p  1   Vr  Vr 1  2 Vr 2 V  2 Vr 
  g r    r  2  2  2  
r  r  r   r  r r   2
r    z 2

(15.10b)
 -component :
 V V V V Vr V V 
  Vr    Vz 
 t r r  r z 
1 p  1   V  V 1  2 V 2 Vr  2 V 
  g     r  2  2  2  
2 
r   r r   r  r r  2
r  z 
14
 Navier-Stokes Equations
 z-component : (15.10c)

 Vz Vz V Vz Vz 

  Vr   Vz 
 t r r  z 
p  1   Vz  1  Vz  Vz
2 2

  g z    r  2  
z  r r   r  r   2
 z 2


15
 Solution Procedure

1. Make reasonable simplifying assumptions (i.e. steady state,

incompressible flow, coordinate direction of flow)
2. Write down continuity and momentum (or Navier-Stokes) equations
and simplify them according to the assumptions of Step 1.
3. Integrate the simplified equations.
4. Invoke boundary conditions in order to evaluate integration constants
obtained in Step 3.
 No-slip condition
 Continuity of velocity
 Continuity of shear stress
5. Solve for pressure and velocity. Derive shear stress distributions if
desired. Apply numerical values.
16
 Example1: Drag (Couette) flow between
two parallel plates
Consider two flat parallel plates separated by a distance b as shown in
the figure. The top plate moves in the x-direction at a constant speed V,
while the bottom plate remains stationary. The fluid between the plates is
assumed incompressible. As the top plate moves the fluid is dragged
along. This type of flow is often referred as Couette flow. It has important
applications in lubrication applications (such as rotating journal bearings)
and instruments for measurement of viscosity.
Prove that the velocity profile for this type of flow is linear. What is the
volumetric flow rate?

W V

b
y
17
x
 Sample Worksheet
Step 1: State assumptions
- Steady-state (all derivatives with respect to time = 0),
incompressible flow (r = const.).
- Decide on coordinate system, determine direction of flow,
identify non-zero velocity components.
 - Inspect for any other reasonable assumptions.
 
Step 2: Write down continuity (chose from 15.1-15.5) and
Navier-Stokes equations (chose from 15.9 or 15.10) for the
appropriate coordinate system and direction of flow.
Then simplify them, according to assumptions of Step 1.

Step 3: Integrate the simplified Navier-Stokes equation. 18

 Sample Worksheet
Step 4: Identify appropriate boundary conditions. Use them to determine
the integration constants obtained above.

Step 5: Obtain velocity profile.

Step 6 (If needed): Obtain volumetric flow rate by integrating:

Q top plate
For flow in channels (W=width):
 Vx dy
  W bottom plate

R
- For flow through circular cross-sections: Q  2   Vz r dr
0

Step 7 (If needed): Obtain shear stress distributions, chosing the

appropriate stress-deformation relationship, from eq (15.8) and
simplifying it.
19
 Example 2: Pressure driven (Poiseuille) flow
between parallel plates
The figure below shows a fluid of viscosity m that flows in the x direction
between two rectangular plates, whose width is very large in the z
direction when compared to their separation in the y direction. Such a
situation could occur in a die when a polymer is being extruded at the exit
into a sheet, which is subsequently cooled and solidified. We will
determine the relationship between the flow rate and the pressure drop
between the inlet and exit, together with several other quantities of
interest.

2h

20
 Example 2: Pressure driven flow between
parallel plates

y Vx
h
x
P1 P2
-h

Now solve the following problem:

A highly viscous fluid having a viscosity of 950 Pa.s and density of 780
kg/m3 is flowing through a rectangular (flat) die having length of 25 cm,
width of 1.75 m and gap of 1.8 mm. The pressure drop for this flow is
55.6 MPa. What is the mass flow rate? How much is the shear stress 21at
the wall?
 Summary of some useful results
Steady
W
pressure driven,
laminar flow
between fixed 2h

parallel plates L

Velocity Profile:
1  P  2
Vx   
2  x 
 y  h 2
 where 
P P ( P1  P2 )
x

L

L
h  P 
2
h 2 P 3
Vx ,max    Vave  Vx ,max  Vave
2  L  3L 2

Volumetric flow rate: Q 2 h 3 P

 22

W 3L
 Summary of some useful results
 Steady, laminar, Drag (Couette) flow between parallel plates:

W V

b
y
x

y
Velocity profile: Vx  V
b

Q 1
Volumetric flow rate:  Vb
W 2 23
 Summary of some useful results
 Steady, pressure
driven, laminar
flow in circular r R
tubes P1 P2
z

L
Velocity Profile:
1  P  2
  r  R 
Vz  2 P P ( P1  P2 )
where   
4  z  z L L
2
R P
2
R P
2
Vmax  2Vave Vz r
Vz ,max  Vave   1  
4L 8L Vmax R

R 4 P
Volumetric flow rate: Q 24
8L
 The Hagen-Poiseuille Equation

hl  dp  Relationship between head loss

g    gx 
l  dx  and pressure gradient
Hagen-Poiseuille Laminar pipe flow equations
 R4  dp  From Navier-Stokes
Q   gx  
8  dx 
What happens if you double the
 R4  hl  pressure gradient in a horizontal
Q   g 
8  l  tube? ____________
flow doubles

 D 4  ghl D 2  ghl
Q V V is average velocity
128 l 32  l
25
 Summary of some useful results

Steady, P1 P2
Pressure
r ro Vz
driven, Axial,
Laminar flow z ri
in an Annulus

Vz

1  P   2 2 ri2  ro2 r
Vz    r  ro  ln 
4  z   ln( ro / ri ) ro 

P  4 4 ( ro2  ri2 ) 2 

Q  ro  ri 
8L  ln( ro / ri )  26
From the stress-velocity relation, it is clear
that viscous stresses are due to
differences in velocity (i.e., internal
deformation of the fluid).

Viscous stresses are always related to viscous dissipation.

Deforming fluids always experience viscous resistance,

and thus convert mechanical energy to internal energy
(heat).

27
 Viscous Flows: Navier-Stokes Equations
French Mathematician, L. M. H. Navier
(1758-1836) and English Mathematician
Sir G. G. Stokes (1819-1903) formulated
the Navier-Stokes Equations by
including viscous effects in the equations
of motion.

L. M. H. Navier Sir G. G. Stokes

(1758-1836) (1819-1903)

Terms in the x-direction:

Pressure term Weight term

Local Acceleration Advective Acceleration
(non-linear terms) Viscous terms 28
 Inviscid Flow :
An in viscid flow is a flow in which viscosity effects or shearing effects
become negligible.
The equations of motion for this type of flow then becomes the following:

Euler’s Equations ;

In vector notation Euler’s Equation:

29
 Inviscid Flow: Euler’s Equations

Leonhard Euler
(1707 – 1783)

Famous Swiss mathematician who

pioneered work on the relationship
between pressure and flow.

There is no general method of solving these equations for an analytical

solution.

The Euler’s equation, for special situations can lead to some useful
information about inviscid flow fields.
30
Bernoulli’s Equation:

Daniel Bernoulli
(1700-1782)

Swiss mathematician, son of Johann Bernoulli, who showed that as the velocity
of a fluid increases, the pressure decreases, a statement known as the Bernoulli
principle.

He won the annual prize of the French Academy ten times for work on vibrating
strings, ocean tides, and the kinetic theory of gases. For one of these victories,
he was ejected from his jealous father's house, as his father had also submitted
an entry for the prize.

His kinetic theory proposed that the properties of a gas could be explained by
the motions of its particles. 31
 Euler Equation

 Fluid element accelerating in l

direction & acted on by pressure
and weight forces only (no friction)
 Newton’s 2nd Law

 Fl  Mal
pA  ( p  p ) A  W sin   lAal
p  ( p  p )  l sin   lal
dp dz
   g  a l
dl dl
d p a
 (  z)  l
dl  g 32
 Fully Developed Laminar Flow: Some important quantities
Both turbulent and laminar flows become fully developed in long enough straight pipes.
Some important quantities that we calculate: velocity profiles, pressure drop, head loss, and
flow rate.
The equations or a description can be obtained in three different ways, (1) Navier-Stokes
equations, (2) Momentum applied to a fluid element and (3) dimensional analysis
methods.

Navier-Stokes Equations :
There are very few exact solutions to Navier-Stokes Equations, maybe a total of 80
that fall into 8 categories. The Navier-Stokes equations are highly non-linear and are
difficult to solve.
Some “simple” exact solutions presented in the text are the following:

1. Steady, Laminar Flow Between Fixed Parallel Plates (Poiseuille Flow)

2. Couette Flow
3. Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes (Hagen-Poiseuille Flow) 33
 The Navier-Stokes equations can be written as well:

Pressure term Weight term

Local Acceleration Advective Acceleration
(non-linear terms) Viscous terms

(x –direction)

34
For steady flow, inflow and outflow of momentum are equal:

(force balance in s-direction)

35
36
The force balance then becomes

Using the shear stress - velocity relation,

we get

This is the differential form of the momentum equation for

steady flow in one dimension (for spatial variables s
along flow and y across flow).
37
This equation can be applied to various flow problems
e.g., stationary bottom plate and moving top plate:

There is no pressure gradient and no gravity acting in the

flow direction, so the equation becomes

Boundary conditions:

38
Example 2: Flow down an inclined plane:

(where )

Again, no pressure gradient in flow direction; but gravity!

Integrate twice:

Boundary conditions: (after some algebra…)

39
Example 3: Flow between stationary parallel plates:

(both pressure gradient and

gravity in flow direction)

Again, integrate twice:

Boundary conditions:

Parabolic velocity profile

(very similar to flow in pipes!) 40
I cannot teach a course in fluid mechanics without at least
showing the Navier-Stokes equation, so here it is:

It is quite similar to the equation we derived, but more

general (3-D; includes accelerations).

The Navier-Stokes equation is the differential form of the

momentum equation with viscous stresses included.
We won’t use it because it is too difficult to solve…
41
 Velocity Profiles
(laminar flow)

Velocity profiles for laminar flow: (a) pipe

flow and (b) annular flow 42
 View of Laminar Flow in a pipe
- Newtonian Fluid

“It looks like concentric rings of fluid

telescoping down the pipe at different velocities”
43
 Reynolds Number

 The Reynolds Number (Re) is a non-dimensional

number that reflects the balance between viscous and
inertial forces and hence relates to flow instability (i.e.,
the onset of turbulence)
 Re = v L/n
 L is a characteristic length in the system
 Dominance of viscous force leads to laminar flow (low
velocity, high viscosity, confined fluid)
 Dominance of inertial force leads to turbulent flow (high
velocity, low viscosity, unconfined fluid)

44
 Viscous Flow
Pipe flow versus Open-channel flow:

Pipe Flow: Open-Channel Flow:

• Pipe is completely filled with fluid

• Pressure Gradients drive the flow
• Gravity can also be important

• Pipe is not full of fluids

• Pressure gradient is constant
45
• Gravity is the driving force
 Flow Regime of Viscous Pipe Flow
Osborne Reynolds Experiment :
The three regimes Laminar, Transitional, or Turbulent

Laminar

Transitional

Turbulent

46
Reynolds Number :
Inertia force( 관성력 )
Reynolds Number: =
Viscous force( 점성력 )

Re > 4000

2100< Re < 4000

Re < 2100

1. Laminar flow is relatively steady.

2. Transitional flows are relatively steady accompanied by occasional burst.
3. Turbulence is characterized by random fluctuations. 47
 Turbulent Flow
When the flow is turbulent the velocity and pressure fluctuate very
rapidly. The velocity components at a point in a turbulent flow field
fluctuate about a mean value.

48
6.27
 Turbulent Flow – Velocity Profile

For turbulent flow in tubes the time-averaged velocity profile can be

expressed in terms of the power law equation. n =7 is usually a good
approximation.
1/ n
u  r
 1   where Vc is the velocity at
VC  R  The centerline

49
6.28
 Types of flow

Laminar Turbulent

Laminar and turbulent flow patterns in a circular pipe: (a) laminar flow, (b)
transition between laminar and turbulent flow and (c) turbulent flow 50