Chapter 2

Using Drawing Tools

& Applied Geometry
 TOPICS

Preparation of Tools.

Using of Tools

Applied Geometry
Preparation of
Tools
 Fastening Paper to Drafting Board
1. Place the paper close to the table’s left edge.

2. Move the paper until its lower edge place about

the top edge of T-square.
Fastening Paper to Drafting Board
3. Align the top edge of the paper with T-square blade.

4. Attach the paper’s corners with tape.

Fastening Paper to Drafting Board
5. Move T-square down to smooth the paper.

6. Attach the remaining paper’s corners with tape.

Freehand
Sketching
 Straight Line
1. Hold the pencil naturally.

2. Spot the beginning and end points.

3. Swing the pencil back and forth between the points, barely
touching the paper until the direction is clearly established.

4. Draw the line firmly with a free and easy wrist-and-arm

motion
Horizontal line Vertical line
Nearly vertical
inclined line

Nearly horizontal
inclined line
 Small Circle
Method 1 : Starting with a square
1. Lightly sketching the square and marking the mid-points.

2. Draw light diagonals and mark the estimated radius.

3. Draw the circle through the eight points.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

 Small Circle
Method 2 : Starting with center line
1. Lightly draw a center line.

2. Add light radial lines and mark the estimated radius.

3. Sketch the full circle.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

 Large Circle
1. Place the little finger (or pencil’ s tip) at the center as a
pivot, and set the pencil point at the radius-distance from
the center.
2. Hold the hand in this position and rotate the paper.
 Arc
Method 1 : Starting with a square

Method 2 : Starting with a center line

Using the Tools
 Function of the Tools

Tools Shape to be drawn

1. T-square
Straight line
2. Triangles

3. Compass
Arc, Circle
4. Circle template
 Using the Compass
1. Locate the center of the circle by two intersecting lines.

2. Adjust the distance between needle and lead to a distance

equal to radius of the circle.

3. Set the needle point at center.

 Using the Compass
4. Start circle. Apply enough pressure to the needle,
holding compass handle between thumb and index fingers.

5. Complete circle.
circle Revolve handle clockwise.
 Using a Circle Template
1. Draw two perpendicular lines that pass through center of
a circle to be drawn.
2. Place the template till all marking coincide with center lines.

3. Tracing the circle. (Hold the pencil normal to the paper.)

Given
Center of a circle to be drawn

Object line
Construction line
 Draw a Horizontal Line
1. Press the T-square head against the left edge of the table.

2. Smooth the blade to the right.

 Draw a Horizontal Line
3. Lean the pencil at an angle about 60o with the paper in the
direction of the line and slightly “toed in”.
4. Draw the line from left to right while rotating the pencil slowly.
 Draw a Vertical Line
1. Set T-square as before. Place any triangle on T-square edge.

2. Slide your left hand to hold both T-square and triangle in

position.
 Draw a Vertical Line
3. Lean the pencil to the triangle.
4. Draw the line upward while rotating the pencil slowly.
 Draw a line at 45o with horizontal
1. Place 45o triangle on the T-square edge and press them
firmly against the paper.

2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.

 Draw a line at angle 30o and 60o
1. Place 30o-60o triangle on the T-square edge and press
them firmly against the paper.

2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.

Applied Geometry
 To Bisect a Line
1. Swing two arcs of any radius greater than half-length of
the line with the centers at the ends of the line.
2. Join the intersection points of the arcs with a line.

3. Locate the midpoint.

Given A

A r1
r1

B
B

(not to scale)
 To Bisect an Angle
1. Swing an arc of any radius whose centers at the vertex.

2. Swing the arcs of any radius from the intersection

points between the previous arc and the lines.
3. Draw the line.
A
(not to scale)

Given
A
B
r1 r2
B
r2
C C
To draw the line parallel to a given line
and passes through a given point
Given

C
+
To draw the line parallel to a given line
and passes through a given point
Given

C
+

Repeat
To draw the line parallel to a given line
with a specified distance
Given distance = r

r
To draw the line parallel to a given line
with a specified distance
Given distance = r

Repeat
To draw the line perpendicular to a
given line at a given point
Using Compass

+
C
To draw the line perpendicular to a
given line at a given point
Using Compass

r2
D
r2
A
r1

+
C
r2 > r 1
B

Repeat
To draw the line perpendicular to a
given line from a point not on the line
Using compass
C
r2 +
D

r2

A
r1

Repeat
FILLET AND ROUND

Sharp corner Round

Fillet
Round
 FILLET AND ROUND

To draw the arc, we must find the location of the

center of that arc.

How do we find the center of the arc?

To draw an arc of given radius tangent
to two perpendicular lines
Given arc radius r

r
To draw an arc of given radius tangent
to two perpendicular lines
Given arc radius r
center of the arc

Starting point

Ending point
To draw an arc of given radius tangent
to two lines
Given arc radius r
r
r
+
+
To draw an arc of given radius tangent
to two lines
Given arc radius r

T.P.1
T.P.2
To draw a line tangent to a circle at a
point on the circle
Given

C
To draw a line tangent to a circle from
a point outside the circle
Given
mark a tangent point

C
 When circle tangent to other circle
Tangent point

R1

C1 R2

C2
R1 +
R2

The center of two circles and tangent point lie on the same
straight line !!!
To draw a circle tangent to two circles I
Given C
+

+ +
C1 C2

Example
To draw a circle tangent to two circles I
Given Two circles and the radius of the third circle = R

+ +
C C2
1
To draw a circle tangent to two circles I
Given Two circles and the radius of the third circle = R

center of the arc R + R2

R + R1 C
R
R2
R1

+ +
C C2
1

Repeat
 When circle tangent to other circle
Tangent point

R1 R2
C1
C2

R2 
R1

The center of two circles and tangent point must lie on the
same straight line !!!
To draw a circle tangent to two circles II
Given

+ +
C1 C2

C+

Example
To draw a circle tangent to two circles II
Given Two circles and the radius of the third circle = R

+ +C
C1
2
To draw a circle tangent to two circles II
Given Two circles and the radius of the third circle = R

R
R2
R1
+ +C
C1
2

R – R1 C R – R2

Repeat
To draw a circle tangent to two circles III
Given Two circles and the radius of the third circle = R

R2
R1
C1 + +C2

R – R1

C R + R2
How to Keep Your Drawing Clean

Do Don’t