ENGINEERING DRAWING

KIL1004

LECTURE 2
 OUTLINE

 Basic engineering drawing

 Geometrical constructions - Construction of primitive

geometric forms (points, lines and planes etc.) that
serve as the building blocks for more complicated
geometric shapes

 Lettering and dimensioning

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BASIC ENGINEERING
DRAWING
 1. POINTS
• Theoretical location that has neither width, height, nor
depth

• Describes the location in space (coordinate)

• A point is represented in technical drawing as a small

cross made of dashes that are approximately 3 mm long

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 2. LINES
• Straight line is the shortest distance between two points

• Engineering drawings are prepared with the help of

symbolic lines

• Selection of width of the line depends on the type and

size of drawing

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2.1 TYPE OF LINES (1)

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2.1 TYPE OF LINES (2)

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2.1 TYPE OF LINES (3)

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 3. ANGLES
• Angles are formed by two intersecting lines

• 360 degrees in a full circle (360°)

4. CIRCLE AND ARC

• Circle: closed curve with all points the same distance
from a point called the center

• Arc: part of a curve, especially a part of the

circumference of a circle – having start point, center and
end point

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 5. POLYGONS
• Plane figure with at least three straight sides and
angles, and typically five or more
- Triangle
- Rectangle and square
- Pentagon
- Hexagon
- So on and so forth…

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 GEOMETRICAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
 GEOMETRY
• Objects used in engineering are combinations of line,
planes and shapes such as circle, triangle, and different
polygons

• These combinations are frequently used while preparing

engineering drawings

• Various methods for drawing regular polygonal shapes and

commonly used curves will be discussed in detail

• These methods are prerequisite to solve engineering

drawing problems

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 1. BISECTING A LINE AND AN ARC
• Bisecting a line or an arc means to divide them into two equal halves

1. Set the compass to a radius

greater than half of the
length AB.
2. With centre A, draw arcs on
both sides of AB
3. With the same radius but
centre B, draw arcs on both
sides of AB to intersect
previous drawn arcs at
points C and D
4. Join C to D as the
perpendicular bisector
which bisects the line/arc AB

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 2. BISECTING AN ANGLE
• Bisecting an angle means to divide tan angle into two equal halves
• If the measurement of the angle is known, the bisector can be
drawn by mathematically dividing the angle by two and laying off
the result with the help of a protractor
1. Set compass to any convenient radius
and with centre O, draw an arc CD to
meet lines OA and OB at points C and
D
2. Reset the compass to any radius
greater than half of chord length CD
3. With centres C and D respectively,
draw arcs to intersect each other at
point P
4. Join O to P. Line OP is the bisector of
the angle AOB
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 3. PERPENDICULAR TO A LINE
• A perpendicular on a line subtends an angle of 90° with it

• Perpendicular from a point lying either on the line or from a point

outside it

Perpendicular from a Point Perpendicular from a Point

on the Line outside the Line

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 4. PARALLEL LINES
• The lines lying in a plane which never intersect each other
1. Mark any point D on the line
AB. With centre D and radius
DC, draw arc CE to meet AB at
point E
2. With centre E and the same
radius DC, draw an arc DF
3. With centre D and radius of
chord length CE, draw an arc to
intersect arc DF at point F
4. Join C to F. Line CF is parallel to
the line AB

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 5. CENTRE OF AN ARC OR CIRCLE
1. Draw two chords CD and EF
2. Draw PQ and RS as the bisector of CD and EF
3. Let lines PQ and RS to intersect each other at point O, which
centre of the arc

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 6. CIRCLE THROUGH THREE POINTS

1. Connect point A, B and C

2. Draw PQ and RS as the
perpendicular bisector of lines
AB and BC
3. Let PQ and RS to intersect at
point O as the centre of the
circle.
4. Draw a circle with centre O and
radius OA (= OB =OC).
5. This circle passes through
points A, B and C

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 7. TANGENT TO A CIRCLE (1)
• Tangent from a Point on the
Circle
1. Draw a circle with centre O
2. Mark a point P on the
circumference of the circle as
the point of tangency
3. Connect OP
4. Through point P, draw a line
TPT’ perpendicular to OP
5. P is the tangent point

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 7. TANGENT TO A CIRCLE (2)
• Tangent from a Point outside
the Circle
1. Draw a circle with centre O
2. Mark a point P at a distance
from the centre O
3. Connect OP. Mark A as the
midpoint of the line OP
(Bisecting)
4. Draw an arc with centre A and
radius OA, to meet the circle at
points T and T’
5. Join PT and PT’ to represent
two tangents

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 7. TANGENT TO A CIRCLE (3)

• Tangent to an Arc from a Point

on it
1. Draw two lines CD and EF
2. Bisect the lines and locate the
centre O for the arc
3. Connect OP
4. Draw a line TPT’ perpendicular to
OP as the required tangent

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 8. TANGENT TO TWO CIRCLES
• Exterior • Interior
1. Draw arc with centre O2 and radius 1. Draw an arc with centre O2 and radius
R2 – R 1 R2 + R1
2. Through O1, draw a tangent to this 2. Through O1, draw a tangent to this arc
arc to touch at point A to touch at point A
3. Join O2A and produce it to meet 3. Join O2 to A which intersect the
the circle at point B bigger circle at point B
4. Through B, draw a line BC parallel 4. Through B, draw a line BC parallel to
to O1A, to touch the smaller circle O1A, to touch the smaller circle at
at point C. Line BC is the required point C. Line BC is the required
tangent exterior to the circles tangent interior to the circles

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 9. ARC TO CONNECT LINES AND
CIRCLES TANGENTIALLY (1)
• Arc to Connect Two Straight
Lines
1. Draw a line PQ parallel to AB
2. Draw another line RS parallel
to AC to intersect line PQ at
point O
3. With centre O and radius (in
this case 20mm), draw an arc
EF. The arc EF is tangential to
both lines AB and AC

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 9. ARC TO CONNECT LINES AND
CIRCLES TANGENTIALLY (2)
• Arc to Connect a Line and an Arc/Circle
• Centre of Two Arcs Lie on the Same • Centre of Two Arcs Lie on Opposite
Side Side
1. Draw parallel line EF at a distance 1. Draw parallel line EF at a distance
from AB from AB
2. Draw an arc GH with centre P and 2. Draw an arc GH with centre P and
radius (in this case 40 mm (60 – 20 = radius (in this case 80 mm (60 + 20 =
40)) to intersect line EF at point O 80)) to intersect line EF at point O
3. Draw arc with centre O as tangential 3. Draw arc with centre O as tangential
arc to the line AB and the arc CD arc to the line AB and the arc CD

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 9. ARC TO CONNECT LINES AND
CIRCLES TANGENTIALLY (3)
• Arc to Connect Two Circles
• Internal arc to both circle
1. Draw arc with centre P and
radius 75 mm (25 + 50 = 75)
2. Draw another arc with centre Q
and radius 85 mm (35 + 50 = 85)
to intersect the previous arc at
point O
3. Draw arc AB with centre O and
radius 50 mm. This arc is
internal to both the circles and
touches them tangentially

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 9. ARC TO CONNECT LINES AND
CIRCLES TANGENTIALLY (4)
• Arc to Connect Two Circles
• External arc to both circle
1. Draw an arc with centre P and
radius 75 mm (100 – 25 = 75)
2. Draw another arc with centre Q
and radius 65 mm (100 – 35 =
65) to intersect the previous
arc at point O
3. Draw an arc AB with centre O
and radius 100 mm. This arc is
external to both the circles and
touches them tangentially

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 9. ARC TO CONNECT LINES AND
CIRCLES TANGENTIALLY (5)
• Arc to Connect Two Circles
• Internal arc to smaller circle and
external to the larger circle
1. Draw arc with centre P and radius
125 mm (100 + 25 = 125).
2. Draw another arc with centre Q and
radius 65 mm (100 – 35 = 65) to
intersect the previous arc at point O
3. Draw arc AB with centre O and
radius 100 mm. This arc is internal to
the circle with centre P and external
to the circle with centre Q and
touches them tangentially

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 10. ARC TO CONNECT LINE AND POINT
1. Join PQ. Draw CD as the bisector of line PQ
2. Draw line QE perpendicular to AB to intersect the line CD at
point E
3. Draw an arc PQ with centre E and radius EP (= EQ). This arc
meets the line AB tangentially at point Q and also passes
through point P

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 11. CIRCLE TO CONNECT ANOTHER CIRCLE
AND A POINT
1. Mark a point Q on the circle
2. Mark point P at a distance from O
3. Join PQ. Draw line AB as the bisector of line PQ
4. Let the line AB intersect the line OQ produced at point C
5. Draw a circle with centre C and radius CQ (= CP). This is the
required circle

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 12. POLYGONS
 Inscribe polygon in a circle

 Circumscribe polygon to a circle

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• Generally, command and toolbox in AutoCAD software
provides a convenient object snap for finding tangency,
draw square, pentagon etc

• However, please master all these methods to construct

geometrical drawing

• If you master this part, you already acquired 50% of

engineering drawing tricks and secrets

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LETTERING AND
DIMENSIONING
 1. LETTERING (1)
• Writing of titles, dimension value, notes and other particulars on a
drawing is called lettering. It is used to provide detailed
specifications of an object – standard: Latin Alphabets and Numerals

• Single-stroke vertical capital letters, lower case letter. numerals and

mathematical operators are the simplest form of letters generally
used in practice

• Single stroke inclined letters and numerals with inclination towards

right of about 75° with the horizontal and are used in special
conditions

• The term ‘singlestroke’ do not mean that the entire letter should be
made in one stroke without lifting the pencil. It means that the
width of the line of the letter should be such as is obtained in one
stroke of pencil
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1. LETTERING (2)

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 1.1 RULES OF LETTERING
• All letters should be written in capitals. Lowercase letters should be used
only when they are accepted in international usage for abbreviations. For
example, we can use mm for millimeter

• All letters and numerals should be written in such a manner that they do not
touch each other or the lines

• All letters should be written in such a way that they appear upright from the
bottom edge, except when they are used for dimensioning. For
dimensioning, they should appear upright from the bottom edge, or they can
be placed on the right-hand side of the figure, or on the corner of the figure

• Letters should be spaced in such a way that the area between them appears
equal. At the same time, it is not necessary to keep the clearances between
adjacent letters equal. For example, letters like H, I, M and N, if adjacent,
should be spaced more widely than C, O and Q

• Words should be spaced one letter width apart

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 2. DIMENSIONING (1)
Dimensions are indicated on the drawing to define the size
characteristics such as length, breadth, height, diameter, radius,
angle and location of hole, slot, etc

Dimensioning Terminology
• Dimension value
• Dimension lines
• Projection lines
• Leaders or pointer lines
• Arrowheads

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 2. DIMENSIONING (2)
• Dimensions should be placed on the view which shows the
relevant features more clearly. The two recommended systems of
placing the dimensions are aligned system and undirectional
system

Aligned System Unidirectional System

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 2.1 DIMENSIONING METHOD
• When it is not obvious that the dimension represents a diameter, the
symbol ø, is written before the dimension figure to indicate that it is a
diameter. Similarly, the letter R is placed before the dimension figure
for radius
• For dimensioning angles, the dimension line is drawn as an arc of a
circle with the centre at the vertex of the angle

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 2.2 DIMENSIONING RULES (1)
• All the dimensions that are necessary to completely describe the
size of the object in its finished form

• Dimension figures should be kept clear of all the lines

• Dimensions should not be placed too close to the part

dimensioned or to each other

• As far as possible, the intersection of dimension lines should be

avoided. However, if the intersection of two dimension lines is
unavoidable, the lines should not be broken

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 2.2 DIMENSIONING RULES (2)
• The dimensions should be staggered when number of parallel
dimensions is more

• Dimensions shall be placed on the view that most clearly shows

the corresponding features

• As far as possible, all dimensions in one particular drawing

should be expressed in one unit only. The recommended unit is
being millimeter

• Normally, there should be a gap of about five millimeters

between the nearest dimension line and the part dimensioned

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 2.2 DIMENSIONING RULES (3)
• Dimension values should be placed preferably near the middle. If
unavoidable due to lack of space, they may be placed above the
extended portion of the dimension line beyond the arrowheads,
preferably on right hand side

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 2.2 DIMENSIONING RULES (4)
• As far as possible, dimensions should be placed outside the
views. In case it is not possible, they may be placed within the
view. However, dimensions should not be placed within a view
unless drawing becomes clear by doing so

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 2.2 DIMENSIONING RULES (5)
• Line of the drawing should never be used as a dimension line or
coincide with a dimension line. Dimension lines should be spaced
uniformly throughout the drawing. They should be 8 mm to 10
mm from the object outline and 6 mm to 10 mm from each other

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 2.2 DIMENSIONING RULES (6)
• Dimensions indicated in one view need not be repeated in another
view, except for purpose of identification, clarity or both

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 2.2 DIMENSIONING RULES (7)
• Dimensions should be marked with reference to the visible
outlines, rather than from the hidden lines
• Dimensions should be marked from a base line or centre line of a
hole or cylindrical parts or finished surfaces, etc, which may be
readily established

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 2.2 DIMENSIONING RULES (8)
• Dimensioning to a centre line should be avoided, except when the
centre line passes through the centre of a hole, or a cylindrical part

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 2.2 DIMENSIONING RULES (9)
• Overall dimensions should be placed outside the intermediate
dimensions. If an overall dimension is shown, one of the
intermediate dimensions is redundant and should not be
dimensioned
• When several dimensions are placed on the same side of the
drawing, position the shortest dimension nearest to the component.
This will avoid intersection of dimension lines with projection lines

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 2.2 DIMENSIONING RULES (10)
• If the space is limited, the arrowheads may be reversed

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• Dimensioning and lettering must be precise, clean, neat,
organized, well ordered, tidy, proper, not eyesore and
not awkward-looking-outcome

• In order to acquire ability to produce the best dimension

and lettering on your drawing, it comes with continued
and careful practice. You must have COMMON SENSE,
very particular and meticulous into the detail

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 TAKEAWAY POINTS TODAY
 Lines, Angle, Circle

 Triangle, Polygons

 Dimensions and its rules

 Lettering and its rules

 Geometrical drawing – Perpendicular line, Bisector,

Tangent and etc

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 THANK YOU
Don’t Forget to Record
Your Attendance