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Sentences and

The document provides an overview of sentence structure, including definitions of subjects and predicates, types of sentences (simple, compound, complex, compound-complex), and common sentence errors like fragments and run-ons. It explains how to identify and construct different sentence types and their functions in English. Additionally, it includes examples and practice exercises for better understanding.

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Huma Essa
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32 views29 pages

Sentences and

The document provides an overview of sentence structure, including definitions of subjects and predicates, types of sentences (simple, compound, complex, compound-complex), and common sentence errors like fragments and run-ons. It explains how to identify and construct different sentence types and their functions in English. Additionally, it includes examples and practice exercises for better understanding.

Uploaded by

Huma Essa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SENTENCES

SENTENCES and
and
SENTENCE
SENTENCE
STRUCTURES
STRUCTURES
OCS English I
Mrs. Bonifay
What IS a Sentence?
• A sentence has a subject and a
predicate that work together to
make a complete thought.
Pick which of the
following is a sentence:
• Throughout people’s ears grow.
• Because ears grow.
• Throughout people’s lives their
ears.
• People’s ears grow throughout
their entire lives.
Pick which of the
following is a sentence:
• Throughout people’s ears grow.
• Because ears grow.
• Throughout people’s lives their
ears.
• People’s ears grow throughout
their entire lives.
A Subject?
• The subject of a sentence is a
noun or pronoun that tells who or
what the subject is.
• Example:
This horse is brown.
A Predicate?
• A predicate is a verb or verb
phrase that tells what the subject
is doing
• Example:
The horse is running
around the track.
REVIEW
• So, we know a sentence is a group
of words that:
1. has a subject (noun or pronoun).
2. has a predicate (verb or verb
phrase).
3. expresses a complete thought.
Ask yourself the
following questions:
• To find the subject, ask : “Who or
what is the sentence about?”
• To find an action verb, ask: “What
is the subject doing?”
• If you can’t find an action verb,
look for a linking verb such as is,
will, are, or has. Example: The cat
is brown.
Which comes first? The
subject or the verb?
• In most sentences, the subject will
come before the verb.
• However, in questions, for
example, the verb will often come
before the subject.
• Example: The fish is in the pond.
Is the fish in the pond?
Clauses
• There are two types of clauses:
1. independent: can stand alone
because they have a subject and
verb; a complete sentence!
2. dependent: cannot stand alone
because they do not express a
complete thought even though
they have a subject and verb.
Sentence Structure:
The Fab Four
• Independent and dependent clauses
can be used in ways to form the four
basic types of sentences:
1. simple
2. compound
3. complex
4. compound-complex
Simple Sentences
• A simple sentence has one
independent clause. That means it
has one subject and one verb.
• A simple sentence can also have
adjectives and adverbs.
• A simple sentence cannot have
another independent clause or any
dependent clauses.
Examples of Simple
Sentences:
• One subject, one verb:
Americans eat a lot of apples.
• Compound subject, one verb:
Lebron James and Kobe Bryant are
basketball players.
• One subject, compound verb:
My son toasts and butters his bread.
Compound Sentences
• A compound sentence consists of
two or more independent clauses.
• The independent clauses can be
joined in two ways:
1. with a coordinating conjunction
(for, and, nor, or, but, yet, so)
2. with a semicolon (;)
More Compound
Sentences:
Conjunctio
• As with a simple Independe n Independe
nt Or nt
sentence, a Clause Semicolon Clause

compound Sally went


to the store
John picked
her up an
and
sentence cannot hour later.

have any The largest there is


mammals ; nowhere
dependent are found else to put
in the sea them.
clauses. She loves she is
to play but better at
volleyball basketball.
Complex Sentences
• A complex sentence has one independent
clause (called the main clause) and at
least one dependent clause.
• These sentences use subordinating
conjunctions to link (until, while, when,
and even though).
Example: The lake dries up (independent
clause) when (subordinating conjunction)
the heat comes (dependent
clause/includes subordinating
conjunction).
Compound-Complex
Sentences
• A compound-complex sentence has
at least two independent clauses
and at least one dependent clause.
• The dependent clause can be part
of the independent clause.
Example: I planned to drive to work
(independent), but I couldn’t
(independent) until the mechanic
repaired my car (dependent).
A little practice!
• For the following sentences, label
each simple (1), compound (2),
complex (3), or compound-
complex (4):
1. If at first you don’t succeed,
try,try again.
2. The hardness of the butter is
proportional to the softness
of the bread.
3. You never really learn to be
independent until you learn to drive.
4. It takes about half a gallon of water
to cook spaghetti and about a gallon
of water to clean the pot.
5. Monday is an awful way to spend
one-seventh of your life.
6. Global warming explains the warm winter
and if you don’t believe that, why not?
7. To succeed in politics, it is often necessary
to fall below your principles.
8. Two wrongs don’t make a right.
9. When oxygen is combined with anything,
heat is given off, a process known as
combustion.
10. To steal ideas from one person is
plagiarism; to steal from many is research.
Answers
1. Complex 7. Complex
2. Simple 8. Simple
3. Complex 9. Compound-
4. Compound complex
5. Simple 10. Compound
6. Compound-complex
Sentence Functions
• There are four sentence functions in
English:
1. Declarative sentences state an
idea.
2. Exclamatory sentences show
strong emotions.
3. Interrogative sentences ask a
question
4. Imperative sentences give orders
or directions.
Examples
• Declarative: The dogs likes to sleep
on the porch.
• Exclamatory: What a mess this
room is!
• Interrogative: Why did Jane go to
the early movie?
• Imperative: Sit down and be quiet.
Sentence Errors
• There are two basic types of
sentence errors:
1. Fragments
2. Run-ons
Sentence Fragments
• A sentence fragment is a group of
words that do not express a
complete thought. Most of the
time, a fragment is missing a
subject, a verb, or both.
Example: Because I said so!
Used to cure ticks and
fleas.
Run-On Sentences &
Comma Splices
• A run-on sentence is two incorrectly
joined independent clauses.
Example: Godzilla wants to sleep he
is exhausted from destroying Tokyo.
• A comma splice is a run-on sentence
with a comma where the two
independent clauses run together.
Example: The sun is high, put on
some sunblock.
Run-Ons
• Run-on sentences are not
necessarily long. Example: She
walked he ran.
• The second clause of a run-on often
begins with a pronoun. Example:
Godzilla wants to sleep he is
exhausted from destroying Tokyo.
Corrections
• Godzilla wants to sleep. He is exhausted from
destroying Tokyo. (Two sentences)
• Godzilla wants to sleep, for he is exhausted
from destroying Tokyo. (Coordinating
conjunction)
• Godzilla wants to sleep, because he is
exhausted from destroying Tokyo.
(subordinating conjunction)
• Godzilla wants to sleep; he is exhausted from
destroying Tokyo. (semi-colon)

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