Physics investigatory

project
Topic: Magnetism
Submitted by: Nisha.G
Submitted to: Manikandan sir
INDEX:

1.Introduction
2.Magnetism
3.Types of magnets
4.Objective
5.Materials Required
6.Theory
7.Procedure
8.Observation
9.Applications
10.Conclusion
11.Reference


Introduction
 It is believed that the colder the magnet, the stronger the magnetic force. Graphically, the results will
resemble an exponential curve, with magnetic force decreasing as temperature increases. Our
independent variable is magnetism. This will be calculated using the amount of paper clips that the
magnets are able to collect at each measured temperature
 A magnet is any object that produces a magnetic field. Some magnets referred to as permanent, hold
their magnetism without requiring an electric current. A magnet of this nature can be created by
exposing a piece of metal or iron to a number of situations (like repeatedly jarring the metal, heating
to high temperatures, strong magnets, or the like). At about their Curie temperature, magnetic
properties overheat and drastically change—objects of this kind can become magnetic only when in
the presence of an external magnetic field.
 A magnetic field is a vector quantity, the region in which magnetic force is applied. The motion of
magnetically charged particles (electrons) that are moving near magnets will disturb the magnetic
field. The magnetic field operates directly out along perpendicular lines of force: these lines come from
the north pole of the magnet and continue to the south pole. The north pole is typically viewed as
“positive” and the south as “negative.” Most of the magnetic materials are found among the transition
species of metal. Those disalignment of atoms and domains also thus affect the movement. The higher
the heat, the greater the energy, and as such the movement of the particle. In contrast, cold
temperature slows the movement (magnetic field strength and low temperature). Slower movement
leads to more fixed directions in terms of the domains.
 In the 1800s, Pierre Curie stated that there exists a temperature at which objects that were previously
permanent magnetic lose their characteristics. The temperature at which this demagnetism occurs is
called the “Curie point.” As the temperature of the magnet approaches this point, the alignment of
each domain decreases. As such, the magnetism decreases until the Curie point is reached, at which
time the material becomes paramagnetic.
Magnetism:

 Magnetism is a fundamental physical phenomenon arising from

the motion of electric charges. It is one of the most important
forces in nature, responsible for the attraction and repulsion
between objects. Magnetism is closely related to electricity and
forms the basis of electromagnetism. Materials like iron, nickel,
and cobalt exhibit strong magnetic properties. Magnets have two
poles: north and south. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract.
The region around a magnet within which magnetic forces can be
felt is called the magnetic field. Understanding magnetism is
essential to comprehend many natural phenomena and
engineering applications.
Types of Magnets
 1.Permanent Magnets: These magnets retain their magnetic properties over a long
period. They are made from materials like alnico, ferrite, and neodymium. They
are used in everyday items such as refrigerator magnets, headphones, and electric
motors.

 2. Temporary Magnets: These materials act like magnets when placed in a strong
magnetic field but lose their magnetism once the field is removed. Examples
include soft iron and some alloys. They are used in devices like transformers and
relays.

 3.Electromagnets: These are created by passing an electric current through a wire

wound around a core material like iron. The magnetic field exists only while the
current flows. Electromagnets are widely used in electric bells, cranes, and MRI
machines.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to determine the
effect of the temperature on the strength of a magnet.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

1.Safety glasses 6.Tongs for magnet

2.Three strong bowls 7.ice

3.Small pot 8.Water

4.Burner for heating water or oven 9. insulating container

5.Paper clips 10.3–

4 permanent bar magnets
 Theory
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. It is invisible but is responsible for
the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as
iron, and attracts or repels other magnets.

A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetized and creates its own
persistent magnetic field. An everyday example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a
refrigerator door. Materials that can be magnetized are also the ones that are strongly attracted to a
magnet and are called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic) these include iron, nickel, cobalt, some
alloys of rare earth metals, and some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone.

Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically “soft” materials like annealed iron, which
can be magnetized but do not tend to stay magnetized, and magnetically “hard” materials, which
do. Permanent magnets are made from “hard” ferromagnetic materials such as alnico and ferrite
that are subjected to special processing in a magnetic field during manufacture to align their
internal microcrystalline structure, making them very hard to demagnetize. To demagnetize a
saturated magnet, a certain magnetic field must be applied, and this threshold depends on
coercivity of the respective material. The overall strength of a magnet is determined by its magnetic
moment or the total magnetic field it produces. The total strength of magnetism in a material is
measured by the magnetization.
PROCEDURE

Cold process:

1.Place paperclips in a bowl.

2. Situate scale near bowl.

3. Weigh magnet and record.

4. Place magnet and thermometer in freezer set to lowest temperature possible.

5. Wait approx. 20 min for the magnet to reach the temperature of the freezer.

6. Record temperature read by thermometer.

7. Place magnet in bowl filled with paper clips.

8. Remove magnet and attached paperclips and place on scale.

 9. Record temperature of magnet and grams attached.

10. Subtract the weight of the paper clips from the weight of the magnet and
the paper clips combined.

11. Removed paperclips and place back in bowl.

12. Allow magnet to rest for 5 minutes undisturbed.

13. Repeat steps 4-12 until freezer and magnet reach room temperature.
Hot process:
1. Place paperclips in a bowl.
2. Situate scale near bowl.
3. Weigh magnet and record.
4. Place magnet in oven set to highest temperature possible.
5. Wait approx. 20 min for the magnet to reach the temperature of the oven.
6. Place magnet in bowl filled with paperclips.
7. Remove magnet and attached paperclips and place on scale.
8. Record temperature of magnet and grams attached.
9. Subtract the weight of the magnet from the weight of the magnet and
paper clips combined.
10. Removed paperclips and place back in bowl.
11. Allow magnet to rest for 5 minutes undisturbed.
12. Repeat steps 6–11 until magnet reaches room temperature.
OBSERVATION:
Magnet strength measurement:

Trial Temp (°C) Weight of clips (g)

1 0 200
2 10 180
3 20 160
4 30 130
5 40 120
6 50 100
7 60 90
8 70 70
Heating temperature data:
Temperature (Celsius) Weight attracted (g)
21.1 210
26.4 170
32.4 150
38.7 130
43.7 105
49.2 90
56.7 75
60 60
Applications of Magnetism
 Magnetism plays a crucial role in various technological and everyday applications:

• MRI Machines: Use powerful magnets to scan the human body in medical diagnostics.
• Maglev Trains: Use magnetic levitation to eliminate friction and enable high-speed
transportation.
• Electric Motors and Generators: Convert electrical energy to mechanical energy and
vice versa using magnetic fields.
• Data Storage: Hard drives and magnetic tapes store data using magnetic fields.
• Speakers and Microphones: Convert electrical signals to sound and vice versa using
magnets.
• Cranes: Used to lift heavy metallic materials in junkyards using electromagnets.
CONCLUSION
The experiment showed that there is a direct relationship between
magnetism and temperature. When the magnet is cooled, it shows a
stronger magnetic field and is able to attract more paperclips. However,
when heated, the magnetic strength decreases drastically. This happens
due to the agitation of atoms with increased temperature which disrupts
the magnetic domains. As the magnet cools, these domains align again,
increasing magnetic strength. The Curie point is the temperature beyond
which the magnet permanently loses its magnetic properties. In
conclusion, lower temperatures strengthen a magnet's field, while higher
temperatures weaken it.
REFERENCES
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.studyrankers.com
 www.toppr.com