Submitted by- Prakrati khare

Submitted to- Sr. Pavithra

Project guide- Mr. Ramakant Rao

Signature –
This is to certify that Prakrati khare of class XII-PCB, of Holy
Family Convent School has completed project titled To study
temperature and magnetic strength during the academic year
2025-2026 towards partial fulfillment of credit for the physics
practical evaluation of CBSE 2025 and submitted a
satisfactory report, as compiled in the following pages under
my supervision .

Mr. Ramakant Rao - Project guide

Sr. Pavithra - The Principal
Examiner’s signature-
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere thanks of gratitude to my teacher
Mr. Ramakant Rao and our principal Sr. Pavithra who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this project on the topic Temperature and
magnetic strength. It helped me in doing lots of research and I came to
know about a lot of things related to the topic .
Finally I would like to thank my faculties and friends who helped me in
finalzing the project within the limited frame.
Prakrati khare
XII-PCB
 Content
1. Introduction to magnetism

2. Theory of magnetism

3. Magnetic strength

4. Temperature and Magnetism

5. Effects of temperature on magnetic

Strength

6. Observations by cold and hot

procedures

7. Conclusion

8. Bibliography
 Magnetism
Magnetism is the class of physical attributes that occur through
a magnetic field, which allows objects to attract or repel each
other. Because both electric currents and magnetic moments of
elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field, magnetism is
one of two aspects of electromagnetism.
History
While magnetism's natural occurrence was known by ancient
civilizations, particularly the Greeks, the person most credited
with systematically studying and explaining magnetism, and thus
the "discovery" of it in a scientific sense, is William Gilbert. He
was an English physician and physicist who conducted extensive
research and wrote extensively on the subject, including his
famous work "De Magnete," published in 1600.
Other Important Figures:
Michael Faraday: Faraday's work showed the connection between
electricity and magnetism, demonstrating that magnetism could induce
electrical currents.

James Clerk Maxwell: Maxwell predicted that a changing electric

field creates a magnetic field, further solidifying the relationship
between electricity and magnetism.
Theory of magnetism
The theory of magnetism posits that magnetism arises from the
magnetic properties of individual atoms, specifically from the
movement of electrons within the atom. This movement creates tiny
magnetic dipoles, and the alignment of these dipoles determines a
material's overall magnetic properties. Weber's theory further
suggests that all magnetic materials are composed of tiny magnets,
with their poles aligned in a magnetized state.
Weber's Theory:
This theory, also known as the molecular theory of magnetism, states
that magnets can be split into smaller pieces, each retaining its
magnetic properties.
Magnetic Domains:
In some materials, like iron, small regions with aligned magnetic
dipoles called magnetic domains are formed.
External Magnetic Fields:
A material's magnetism can be affected by external magnetic fields,
leading to processes like magnetization and demagnetization.
Magnetic Flux:
The total lines of force in a magnetic field are called magnetic flux, and
the flux per unit area is the magnetic flux density.
 Magnetic strength
Magnetic strength, also known as magnetic field strength, refers to the
force a magnet exerts, attracting or repelling other materials. It's
measured by the density of the magnetic field, also called magnetic flux
density, often in units of Teslas (T) or Gauss (G). The strength of a
magnet is influenced by factors like its size, the material it's made of,
and the arrangement of its "tiny magnets"
Understanding Magnetic Field Strength:
Magnetic Field Strength (H): A measure of the magnetic field's intensity,
essentially how much "push" the field exerts on a magnetic charge. It's a
vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction.
Magnetic Flux Density (B): The number of magnetic field lines passing through a
given area. It's related to the force experienced by a magnetic charge in the
field.
Measuring Magnetic Strength:
Instruments:
DC magnetometers or gaussmeters are used to measure magnetic field
strength.
Units:
Tesla (T): The SI unit for magnetic flux density, equivalent to 1 Newton of force
per ampere of current per meter of conductor.
Gauss (G): An older unit of magnetic flux density, with 1 T = 10,000 G.
Ampere/meter (A/m): The unit for magnetic field strength (H).
Temperature and Magnetism:
Weakening at Higher Temperatures:
When a magnet is heated, the increased kinetic energy of the atoms
and molecules within the magnet causes them to vibrate more
vigorously. This increased vibration disrupts the alignment of the
magnetic domains, which are regions within the material where the
magnetic dipoles are aligned. As the domains become less aligned, the
overall magnetic field strength decreases.
Strengthening at Lower Temperatures:
Conversely, when a magnet is cooled, the atomic and molecular
vibrations decrease. This allows the magnetic domains to become more
aligned, resulting in a stronger overall magnetic field.
Curie Temperature:
Some materials, like iron, have a specific temperature called the Curie
temperature, above which they lose their ferromagnetic properties
(i.e., they become paramagnetic and can no longer be magnetized).
 Effects of temperature on magnetic
Strength
The effect of temperature on magnetic strength is explained by Curie's
Law and the concept of Curie temperature. As temperature increases,
the magnetic strength of ferromagnetic materials decreases due to
increased atomic motion disrupting domain alignment.
Ferromagnetic Materials:
In ferromagnetic materials, magnetic domains (regions with aligned
magnetic dipoles) are responsible for their magnetic strength. When
heated, the increased thermal motion of atoms disrupts the alignment
of these domains, weakening the overall magnetism.
Paramagnetic Materials:
Paramagnetic materials are weakly attracted to a magnetic field. Their
magnetic properties are also affected by temperature, but in a
different way than ferromagnetic materials. According to Curie's Law,
the magnetization in a paramagnetic material is inversely proportional
to temperature, meaning that as temperature increases, the material's
magnetization decreases.
Diamagnetic Materials:
Diamagnetic materials are weakly repelled by a magnetic field.
Temperature does not affect their magnetic properties.
Observations by cold and hot procedures:
Magnets under extreme cold:
Temperature (degree Weight (in grams)
Celsius)

-21.3 275
-19.4 275
-18.1 265
-15.3 270
-13.7 260
-6.7 245
-4.6 220
-1.7 200
0 225
Observations by cold and hot procedures:
Magnets under extreme heat:
Time after removal from Weight attracted
oven (grams )
(minutes)
0 200
5 200
10 240
20 210
25 230
30 220
35 206
40 204
45 200
50 185
 Conclusion
This report demonstrates a clear inverse relationship between
temperature and the magnetic strength of magnets. As the
temperature increases, the ability of the magnet to attract
ferromagnetic materials, such as paperclips, diminishes.
Conversely, cooling the magnet enhances its magnetic strength.
At elevated temperatures, the increased kinetic energy of atoms
disrupts the alignment of magnetic domains, leading to a
decrease in magnetic force. In contrast, at lower temperatures,
atomic motion slows, allowing for better alignment of magnetic
domains and thereby strengthening the magnet's force. This
phenomenon underscores the delicate balance required to
maintain a magnet's effectiveness.
Understanding this relationship is crucial, especially in
applications where magnets are exposed to varying
temperatures, such as in electrical devices and industrial
machinery. Maintaining optimal temperature conditions can
ensure the longevity and efficiency of magnetic components.
 Bibliography
1. Ncert textbook 12th

2. https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science

3. Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics.

4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/

5. https://www.scribd.com/