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FYM and Compost Manure

This document discusses uf]7]dn (cow dung manure) and sDkf]i6dn (compost manure). It provides 1) definitions and sources of each type of manure, 2) key differences in how they are produced, and 3) guidelines for selecting suitable locations and materials for producing each. The document emphasizes the importance of organic manures like uf]7]dn and sDkf]i6dn in Nepal's agricultural system.

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Ramindra Suwal
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147 views

FYM and Compost Manure

This document discusses uf]7]dn (cow dung manure) and sDkf]i6dn (compost manure). It provides 1) definitions and sources of each type of manure, 2) key differences in how they are produced, and 3) guidelines for selecting suitable locations and materials for producing each. The document emphasizes the importance of organic manures like uf]7]dn and sDkf]i6dn in Nepal's agricultural system.

Uploaded by

Ramindra Suwal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Uff]a/dn tyf sDkf]i6dn

uf]7]dnM–
ufO{{ a:t'sf] dnd"q, 3fF;kftsf cjz]ifx¿ / ;f]Q/nfO{ uf]7sf]
glhs} y'kf/]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] dnnfO{ uf]7]dn elgG5 . of] g]kfndf
k|of]u ul/g] d'Vo k|fËfl/s dnsf] ;|f]t xf] .
sDkf]i6dnM–
h}ljs tyf jfg:klts kbfy{x¿nfO{ tx–tx kf/L vf8n jf y'k|f]df hDdf
ul/ ;"Id h}ljs k|lqmofåf/f lj36g u/fO{ agfOPsf] dnnfO{
sDkf]i6dn elgG5 . of] klg Ps k|sf/sf] k|fËfl/s dn g} xf] .
g]kfndf sDkf]i6dnsf af/]df jiff}{ b]lv h] hlt k|rf/–k|;f/
ul/Psf] eP tfklg s[ifsx¿n] lgwf{l/t ljlw ckgfO sDkf]i6dn agfO
k|of]u u/]sf] sd} b]Vg kfOG5 . o;sf k5fl8 vf8n vGg' kg]{ /
kN6fpg' kg]{ h:tf s'/fx¿ emGeml6nf x'g] eg]/ gu/]sf] a'lemG5
. t/ emf/kft tyf ;f]Q/x¿ ;ª\sng ul/ uf]7]dnsf] k|of]u a9fpg] rng
eg] k|z:t 5 . t;y{ o; k'l:tsfdf uf]7]dn Joj:yfkgnfO{ a9L hf]8
lbOPsf] 5 . uf]7]dn tyf sDkf]i6dnnfO{ s;/L 5'6\ofpg] eGg] s'/f
tflnsf g+= ! df lbOPsf] 5 .
uf]7]dn / sDkf]i6dnnfO{ 5'6\ofpg] k|d'v cfwf/x¿
uf]7]dn sDkf]i6dn
 ufO{{a:t'sf] dnd"qsf]  v]/hfg] k|fËfl/s kbfy{ h:t}
;fydf ljleGg k|sf/sf emf/kft, :ofpnf, kmf]x/d}nf
;f]Q/x¿ ld;fP/ agfOG5 . cflbnfO{ hf]/g;Fu ld;fP/
 obfsbf ;f]Q/ lagfsf] klg vf8ndf jf y'k|f]df /fv]/ lj36g
uf]7]dn agfOg] ul/G5 . u/fOG5 .
t/ o;nfO{ klg uf]7]dn g}  uf]a/ jf d"q gkfOg] :yfgdf eg]
elgG5 . cGo hf]/gx¿ h:t} hª\unsf]
 uf]7sf] glhs} x'G5 . df6f]], O{=Pd= cflbsf]
 ufO{{ a:t' kfn]s} k|of]uåf/f klg sDkf]i6dn tof/
x'g'kb{5 . kfg{ ;lsG5 .
 cfkm"nfO{ kfos kg]{ :yfgdf
vf8n jf y'k|f] agfO{ of] dn tof/
kfg{ ;lsG5 .
 ufO{{a:t' kfNg g;lsg] cj:yfdf jf
uf]7]dn k'¥ofpg g;lsg] :yfgdf
sDkf]i6dn a9L pkof]uL x'G5 .

g]kfnsf] s[lif k|0ffnLdf k|fËfl/s dnsf]


dxTj

dfly elg;lsPsf] 5 ls xfd|f] s[lif pTkfbgsf] cfwf/ eg]sf]


k|fËfl/s dn xf] . x'g t /f;folgs dn 9'jfgL ug{ ;lhnf] / o;sf]
k|of]un] ubf{ afnL xnSs a9\g] h:tf s'/fn] cfhef]ln ahf/ tyf
af6f]3f6f]sf] ;'ljwfo'Qm 7fpFx¿df cTolws ¿kdf /f;folgs dnsf]
k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . hyfefjL c;Gt'lnt dnsf] k|of]usf] sf/0fn]
hUufdf kg{ uPsf] c;/nfO{ sltko s[ifsx¿n] t /f;folgs dnsf s'–
k|efjx¿ cg'ej ul/;s]sf 5g\ . t;y{ g]kfnh:tf] ul/a, lgjf{xd'vL s[lif
k|0ffnL ePsf] / /f;folgs dnsf]nflu ljb]zsf] d'v tfSg' kg]{ b]zdf
/f;folgs dndf cfwfl/t xF'b} hfg' sNof0fsf/L x'Fb}g . lbuf] s[lif
pTkfbgsfnflu k|fËfl/s dns} a9L eGbf a9L k|of]u ub}{ hfg'kb{5
. k|fËfl/s dnsf] k|of]u ubf{ lgDg kmfObfx¿ x'G5g\ h'g
/f;folgsdnaf6 ;Dej 5}g .
s_ uf]a/ jf sDkf]i6dnx¿ afnL–la?jfsf k|fs[lts cfxf/f x'g\ To;}n]
oL dnaf6 af]6la?jfnfO{ / df6f]nfO{ hlt kmfObf x'G5 Tof]
cGo s'g} klg s[ltd dnvfbaf6 ;Dej 5}g .
v_ k|fËfl/s dnn] df6f]sf] agf]6 (texture) tyf ;+/rgf (structure)
b'a}nfO{ ;'wf/ ul/ xNsf / v's'nf] u/fpFb5 / kfgL wf/0f ug]{
Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'gfsf ;fy} df6f]df ge} gx'g] ;"IdhLjf0f'x¿ tyf
uF8\of}nfh:tf nfebfos hLjx¿sf] ljsf;df d2t k'¥ofpFb5 .

u_ k|fËfl/s dndf la?jfnfO{ cfj:os kg]{ ;a} -!^ j6f_ vfBtTjx¿


kfOG5g\ . ;fy} vfBtTjx¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd pknJw eO/xG5g\ .
/f;folgs dndf Ps cyjf a9Ldf @–# vfBtTjx¿ dfq ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] x'G5 .

3_ :yfgLo ;|f]tx¿ -uf]a/, d"q, ;f]Q/ tyf emf/kft_


uf]7]dn tyf sDkf]i6dn tof/
kfg]{ 7fpF tyf ;fdu|Lsf]
Joj:yf

@=! kl/ro

sDkf]i6 agfpg] 7fpF of uf]7]dn y'kfg]{ 7fpFsf] 5gf]6 ubf{


vfBtTjsf] ;+/If0f x'g], >d / ;dosf] jrt x'g] tyf dnsf] u'0f:t/df c;/
gkg]{ ul/ 5gf]6 ug'{kb{5 .

@=@ pko'Qm 7fpF sf] 5gf]6 ubf{ Wofg


lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

dn agfpg] 7fpF 5fGbf sd vlr{nf] t/ a9L dn tof/ x'g] vfnsf],


vfBtTjsf] ;+/If0f x'g], kfgL gk:g] / ghDg], hldgd'gLsf] kfgLsf]
;tx glhs gePsf] 7fpF 5fGg' kb{5 . uf]7]dn tyf sDkf]i6dnsf]nflu
pko'Qm 7fpFsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ Wofglbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿ tflnsf g+= %
df lbOPsf] 5 .
tflnsf % M uf]7]dn÷sDkf]i6dnsf]nflu :yfgsf] 5gf}6 ubf{
Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

uf]7]dn sDkf]i6dn

 uf]7sf] glhssf] 7fpFsf] 5gf]6  ;fdu|L kfpg] ePdf v]taf/L s} Ps 5]pdf


ug{'kb{5 . 6f9f ePdf, >d / ;do sDkf]i6dn agfpg ;lsG5 . o;f] ubf{ dn
b'j} sf] nufgL a9\5 . 9'jfgL ug{ vr{ / d]xgt sdnfUb5 .
 uf]a/sf]eGbf klg d"qsf] cem a9L  sDkf]i6 vf8n uf]7sf] glhs klg vGg
dxTj x'g] xF'bf uf]j/ / ux'Ft ;lsG5 o;f] ubf{ uf]7]dnnfO{{ klg
b'a}sf] ;+/If0fx'g] :yfg /f]Hg' kb{5 sDkf]i6df kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 .
.  3/ uf]7 glhs sDkf]i6 vf8n vGbf 3/df
 vf8n jf y'k|f]nfO{ aiff{ / 3fdaf6 ˆoflsg] h}ljs cjz]ifx¿ ;j}nfO{ sDkf]i6df
hf]ufpg' kb{5 . kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 . uf]j/, d"q ;a} sDkf]i6
 ;'wfl/Psf] uf]7df d"q ;ª\sngsf]nflu agfpg] vf8ndf /fv]/ l56f] / u'0f:t/Lo
gfnL agfOg' kb{5 / ;ª\sng ug]{ sDkf]i6 agfpg ;lsG5 .
6\ofÍ jf vf8n klg agfpg' kb{5 .  zx/sf] kmf]xf]/ d}nfnfO{ sDkf]i6
 3/ uf]7sf] glhs uf]j/UofF; KnfG6 agfpg' 5 eg] zx/eGbf 6f9f 7fpFsf]
klg h8fg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 uf]j/ / 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 .
d"q b'a}nfO{ arfpg ;lsG5 .  sDkf]i6 vf8n of y'k|f] v]taf/Ldf
uf]j/UofF;af6 k|fKt n]bf]nfO{ agfOG5 eg] kfgLsf] ;|ff]tsf] glhs
sDkf]i6dndf kl/0ft ug]{ Joj:yf x'g' agfpFbf kfgL k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] kb{5 .
kb{5 . ;fy} zf}rfno uf]a/ UofF;;Fu  sDkf]i6 tof/ kfg]{ a:t'x¿ -kft, klt+u/ /
hf]8\g' kmfObf–hgs x'G5 . emf/kft_ ;lhn};Fu kfOg] 7fpFsf] glhs}
 kfgLsf] ;|f]t glhs eP /fd|f] x'G5 . sDkf]i6dn agfpFbf a9L ;'ljwfhgs, ;:tf]
/ >dsf] ;d]t jrt x'G5 .
 sDkf]i6 agfpg] 7fpF 3fd÷aiff{÷enaf6
aRg] x'g' kb{5 .
@=# ;f]Q/ tyf sDkf]i6dnsfnflu u'0f:t/Lo
;fdu|Lx¿
u'0f:t/Lo ;f]Q/ eg]sf] ufO{{a:t'nfO{ cf]efgf] x'g] rfF8}
lj3l6t x'g], vfBtTjsf] dfqf a9\tf ePsf]] / d"qnfO{ w]/} ;f]:g ;Sg]
a:t'nfO{ lnOG5 . log} u'0fx¿sf cfwf/df ;f]Q/x¿nfO{ lgDg b'O{
ju{df jfF8\g ;lsG5 .

-s_ c;n u'0f:t/sf ;f]Q/x¿ M


 bnxgafnLsf cjz]ifx¿ -l;dL, af]8L, uxt, e6df;, df;, v];/L,
d';'/f], 9}+rf, ;gfO{, n';g{, cflb_ .

 slnnf emf/kft, hns'lDe, c;'/f], ltt]kftL, agdf/f, lrnfpg],


pQL;, 7"nf] e§df;], ;fgf] e§df;] cflbsf kftx¿ .

-v_ sd u'0f:t/sf ;f]Q/x¿ M


gn, k/fn, ds}sf] 9f]8, e";, sf7sf] w'nf], ;Nnfsf] kft -
;lNNflk/]n_ cflb .

tflnsf g+= ^ M ;f]Q/ tyf sDkf]i6 agfpgsfnflu k|of]u ug]{


pko'Qm ;fdu|Lx¿

;f]Q/sf]nflu sDkf]i6sf]nflu
 ;a} k|sf/sf emf/kftx¿ /  ;j} k|sf/sf ;'s]sf / sfFrf 3fF;,
:ofpnf t/ ufO{{e}+;LnfO{ c;/ kftklt+u/, emf/x¿ t/
gkg]{ vfnsf x'g'kb{5 . sf]z]afnLsf eP /fd|f] x'G5
sf]z]afnLsf eP /fd|f] x'G5 .  afnLsf cjz]ifx¿ .
 ufO{{e}+;Ln] vfP/ kmfn]sf  c;"/f], ltt]kftL, jgdf/f, lv/f]{,
cjz]ifx¿ . asfOgf], 7"nf] e§df;], ;fgf]
 /fd|f];Fu d"q ;f]:g] vfnsf] e§df;] cflb
x'g'kb{5  efG;f 3/af6 kmflnPsf
 rfF8} lj3l6t x'g] vfnsf / a9L a:t'x¿, sl;ª\u/, cflb .
vfBtTjo'Qm x'g'kb{5 .  uf]a/ UofF;sf] n]bf] hf]/gsf]
¿kdf lj36g u/fpgsf]nflu
k|of]u ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 .

@=$ sDkf]i6dn agfpg] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] 5gf]6 ubf{ Wofg

lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

sDkf]i6dn agfpg k|of]u ul/g] a:t'x¿ hlt slnnf / g/d x'G5g\


Tolt g} rfF8} lj3l6t x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf]nflu v]taf/Lsf slnnf
emf/kftx¿ rfF8} lj3l6t x'G5g\ t/ 9f]8, gn / k/fnnfO{ lj36g u/fpg
nfdf] ;do nfUb5 . To:t} bnxg afnLsf cjz]if rf+8} lj3l6t x'G5g\ .
l56f] jf l9nf] lj3l6t x'g] s'/f ltgdf lglxt sfj{g (C) / gfO6«f]hg (N)
sf] cg'kftdf e/ kb{5 .
sDkf]i6 agfpg k|of]u ul/g] a:t'df sfj{g / gfO6«f]hgsf]
cg'kftn] lj36g x'g] k|lqmofdf dfq c;/ kfg]{ ge} sDkf]i6sf]
u'0f:t/df klg uxg e"ldsf v]Nb5 . sfa{g / gfO6«f]hgsf] cg'kft
sl/a #)M! 5 eg] o:tf a:t'x¿ ;lhn} / l56} lj3l6t x'G5g\ . h:t},
sf];]afnL -bnxg afnL_ sf cjz]ifnfO{ sDkf]i6dn agfpg /fVbf
l56f] lj3l6t x'G5 eg] k/fn, gn, sf7sf] w'nf]nfO{ a9L ;do nfUb5
. o:sf] d'Vo sf/0f logdf sfa{g / gfO6«f]hgsf] cg'kft a9L x'gfn]
xf] . bnxg afnLsf a:t'x¿df eg] gfO6«f]hg a9L x'g] xF'bf
logaf6 ag]sf] dn klg a9L dlnnf] x'G5 .
k|fËfl/s kbfy{nfO{ lj36g u/fpg] sfd ;"IdhLjf0f'sf] x'g]
x'F+bf logLx¿sf] l56f]–l56f] j[l4 x'g] / ;ª\Vof a9fpg d2t k'Ug]
vfnsf ;fdu|Lx¿ sDkf]i6dn of uf]7]dn agfpgdf k|of]u ul/of] eg]
lj3l6t x'g] b/ l56f] x'G5 . oL ;"IdhLjf0f'x¿n] lj36g u/fpFbf sfa{g
/ gfO6«f]hgnfO{ cfˆgf] k|of]udf NofpFb5g\ .
pbfx/0fsf]nflu df6f]df k|of]u u/]sf] @=@&–@=&@
s]=hL sfa{g lj36g u/fpg cGbfhL $%$ u|fd gfO6«f]hg rflxG5 .
olb gn k/fn tyf ;'s]sf kftkltË/x¿ sDkf]i6 gagfO ;f]em} df6f]df
ldnfpFbf ;"IdhLjf0f'n] vfgsf]nflu pko'Qm gx'g] xF'bf ltgsf] j[l4
/f]lsG5 . pN6} oL a:t'x¿ lj3l6t u/fpg ;"IdhLjf0f'n] df6f]df ePsf]
gfO6«f]hg pkof]udf NofpFb5 . To;f] x'Fbf lj36g u/fpg] a:t'df
gfO6«f]hgo'Qm kbfy{ yKg' kb{5 . sDkf]i6 agfpg /flvPsf
a:t'x¿df hf]/gsf] ¿kdf gfO6«f]hg yKg' kg]{ sf/0f o;}n] ubf{ xf] .
sfj{g / gfO6«f]hgsf] cg'kft afnL cg';f/ km/s–km/s x'G5 .
s]xL h}ljs a:t'x¿df gfO6«f]hgsf] dfqf tyf sfj{g / gfO6«f]hgsf]
cg'kft tflnsf g+= & df lbPsf] 5 . sf];]afnLsf cjz]ifdf of] @)–
#)M! x'G5 eg] k/fnx¿df &)M! eGbf a9L x'G5 . of] cg'kft @^–
$)M! ePdf sDkf]i6dn l56f]–l56f] lj3l6t x'G5 t/ #)M! eGbf tn
ePdf Pdf]lgofsf] Iflt a9L x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
tflnsf g+= & M ljleGg k|fËfl/s a:t'x¿df kfOg]
gfO6«f]hgsf] dfqf tyf sfj{g / gfO6«f]hgsf]
cg'kft

qm gfO{6«f]hg k|ltzt sfj{g /


=;+ ;fdu|L gfO{6«f]hg
= -;'Vvf_ cg'kft

! ufO{{ a:t'sf] d"q !%-!* $M%

@ ;'Vvf /ut !)-!$ #M!


# Lkgf #-( #-!% M !

$ xl8\8sf] r"0f{ @-$ *M!


% slnnf] 3fF; @ -$ !@ M !

^ zx/L kmf]xf]/d}nf M
a9L ;fukft ePsf] @-# !)-!^ M !
a9L sfuh ePsf] )=^ - !=# #)-*) M !
& hns'DeL @=@-@=% @) M !

* ufO{{uf]?sf] uf]j/ !-!=* –


( ;F'u'/sf] dn !=( –

!) s'v'/fsf] ;'nL $ –
!! ux'Fsf] 5\afnL )= ^ *) M !

!@ wfgsf] k/fn )=%& ^# M !


!# sf]bfsf] gn )=& &) M !

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