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Answers To End of Chapter Questions: A Q M × C × B Number of Moles Ethanol Used 0.02

1. The document summarizes answers to end of chapter questions in chemistry. It includes calculations of energy changes, enthalpy values, and bond energies. 2. Key concepts covered are standard enthalpy of formation, ionization energies, lattice energies, hydration energies, and bond energies. 3. Tables and diagrams are included to illustrate thermochemical cycles and energy values.

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Fernando Paloka
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114 views

Answers To End of Chapter Questions: A Q M × C × B Number of Moles Ethanol Used 0.02

1. The document summarizes answers to end of chapter questions in chemistry. It includes calculations of energy changes, enthalpy values, and bond energies. 2. Key concepts covered are standard enthalpy of formation, ionization energies, lattice energies, hydration energies, and bond energies. 3. Tables and diagrams are included to illustrate thermochemical cycles and energy values.

Uploaded by

Fernando Paloka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5 – Answers to end of chapter questions

1 a Q = m × c × T = 400 × 4.2 × 10 = 16 800 J = 16.8 kJ


b Number of moles ethanol used = 0.02.
Energy produced per mole = 840 kJ.
c The experiment is not carried out under standard conditions
(i.e. 298 K, 1 atm.)
d Any 3 of the following:
• Heat loss to surroundings
• Heat loss to calorimeter and thermometer
• Incomplete combustion
• Evaporation of ethanol when not burning
• Water not stirred
• Loss of heat from water

2 a TiO2(s) + 2C(s)  Ti(s) + 2CO(g)


b

1.12
3 a Number of moles of butane = = 0.05
22.4
3
Heat liberated by burning butane = 0.05 × 3000 × = 112.5 kJ
4
  If volume of water which they could boil is x cm3,
x × 4.2 × 80 = 112 500

  x = 335 cm3

Chemistry in Context (Seventh edition) 1 Answers


b Other assumptions:
• 1 mole of butane at 0°C and 1 atm occupies 22.4 dm3.
• The butane is completely burnt.
• The mass of 1 cm3 of water is 1.0 g.
• The specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g–1 K–1.
• The water boils at 100 °C.

4 a
i (3 × 12) + (8 × 1) = 44
ii (4 × 12) + (10 × 1) = 58
b
i −2220 kJ mol-1 ÷ 44 g mol-1 = 50.5 kJ/g
ii −2880 kJ mol-1 ÷ 58 g mol-1 = 49.7 kJ/g
c Butane and propane transfer similar amounts of heat on burning 1 g.
d Propane has a lower boiling point, so remains in the gas state at lower temperatures
than butane.

5 a The double bond is shorter and stronger. This is because there are two pairs of
electrons to pull the oxygen atoms close together in a double bond, and only one pair of
electrons to pull the oxygen atoms close together in a single bond.
b The triple bond is shorter and stronger. This is because there are three pairs of
electrons to pull the carbon atoms close together in a triple bond, and only one pair of
electrons to pull the carbon atoms close together in a single bond.
c (triple bond energy) – (single bond energy) = 838 kJ mol-1 – 350 kJ mol-1
= 488 kJ mol-1
Assuming that each π bond is of equal strength, then the energy required to break one π
bond = 488 kJ mol-1 ÷ 2 = 244 kJ mol-1.

6 a H (step 1) = + 413 + 158 – 565 = + 6 kJ; H (step 2) = –495 kJ.


b Yes, step 1 with a small endothermic value will be relatively slow compared to step
2 with a large exothermic value.
c CH4 + Cl2  CH3• + HCl + Cl• H = + 413 + 242 – 431 = +224 kJ
CH3• + Cl•  CH3Cl H = –339 kJ
d Yes
e The activation energy for step 1 is much lower for CH4/F2 than for CH4/Cl2. The
energy in sunlight is required to provide part of the activation energy for the CH4/Cl2
reaction.

7 a Energy transferred on breaking bonds in reactants


= +[413 + 242] = +655 kJ mol-1

Chemistry in Context (Seventh edition) 2 Answers


Energy transferred on making bonds in products
= −[338 + 431] = −769 kJ mol-1
Overall energy change = +654 kJ mol-1 − 769 kJ mol-1 = −114 kJ mol-1
b Enthalpy change of reaction = Hf (products)  Hf (reactants)
= (−82.0 + −92.3) kJ mol-1 – (−74.8) kJ mol-1
= −99.5 kJ mol-1
c Some of the bond energies given are average values – they are not necessarily the
same as the bond energies in the given compounds.

8 a The lattice energy of an ionic compound, Hlatt, is the enthalpy change of formation
for one mole of the substance from gaseous ions under standard conditions.
i.e. X+(g) + Y–(g)  X+Y–(s)
The hydration energy of an ionic compound, Hhyd, is the enthalpy change when
gaseous ions making up one mole of the substance are solvated by water molecules to
form an infinitely dilute solution.
X+(g) + Y–(g) + (aq)  X+(aq) + Y–(aq)
The enthalpy change of solution, Hsoln, of an ionic compound is the enthalpy change
when one mole of the substance dissolves in water to form an infinitely dilute solution.
X+Y–(s) + (aq)  X+(aq) + Y– (aq)
b

c Hlatt = Hhyd – Hsoln


 –642 = Hhyd – 21
Hhyd = –621 kJ mol–1

9 a i The (first) ionisation energy of an element is the energy required to remove one
electron from each atom in a mole of gaseous atoms under standard conditions.
ii The atomisation energy of an element is the enthalpy change when one mole of
gaseous atoms is formed from the element under standard conditions.
b See section 5.13 for full labelling.
(All values on the cycle are in kJ mol–1)

Chemistry in Context (Seventh edition) 3 Answers


c Hlatt(KBr(s)) = + 342 – 420 – 112 – 90 – 392 = –672 kJ mol–1
d From KF to KI, the lattice energy gets less exothermic. As the ionic radius of the
halide ion increases, its charge density decreases. Its attraction to the positive K+ ion
also decreases, so the lattice energy gets less exothermic.

10 a Hlatt(CaO(s)) = –790 + 141 – 249 – 1100 – 590 – 177 – 636


= –3401 kJ mol–1
b Hi1 (Ca) involves the removal of one electron from neutral atoms. Hi2 (Ca) involves
the removal of a second electron from positive Ca+ ions. The attraction of negative
electrons for Ca+ ions make Hi2 more endothermic.
c O atoms readily gain electrons. The first electron is being added to neutral O atoms
and this process, He(O), is exothermic. However, the second electron must be added to
a negative O– ion. The repulsion between the O– ion and an approaching electron means
that this process, He(O–), will be endothermic.
d The first ionisation energy of Mg will be more endothermic than that for Ca. The
atomic radius of Mg is smaller than that of Ca and the screening effect of inner shells of
electrons will be less for Mg than Ca. Both these factors will increase the attraction of
the nucleus for the outermost electron. However, the nuclear charge in Mg is less than
that in Ca which would cause the attraction of the outermost electron to be less.
Overall, the distance and shielding factors outweigh the nuclear charge factor so the
outermost electron is held more strongly by Mg than Ca atoms, so the first ionisation
energy is more endothermic for Mg.

Chemistry in Context (Seventh edition) 4 Answers

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