Scribd
Upload
152 views16 pages

Fall 2021 Lectures 1 and 2

This document provides information about the EE-351 Communication Systems course taught by Huma Ghafoor at NUST SEECS in the Fall 2021 semester. It includes details about the instructor, required textbooks, course weightages, and an overview of topics covered. The course covers both analog and digital communication systems, including topics like amplitude modulation, angle modulation, analog to digital conversion, and digital modulation schemes.

Uploaded by

Nihal Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
152 views16 pages

Fall 2021 Lectures 1 and 2

This document provides information about the EE-351 Communication Systems course taught by Huma Ghafoor at NUST SEECS in the Fall 2021 semester. It includes details about the instructor, required textbooks, course weightages, and an overview of topics covered. The course covers both analog and digital communication systems, including topics like amplitude modulation, angle modulation, analog to digital conversion, and digital modulation schemes.

Uploaded by

Nihal Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Communication Systems

EE-351
Huma Ghafoor
Lectures 1 and 2

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


Huma Ghafoor
PhD in Electrical Engineering
Office: Room C-202, UG Block
Email: huma.ghafoor@seecs.edu.pk

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


Text Books
• An Introduction to Analog and Digital Communications, 2nd
Edition by Simon Haykin and Michael Moher
• B. P. Lathi, “Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems,”
4th Edition, Adapted by Hari M. Gupta, 2017, Oxford University
Press.

Reference Books:
• Introduction to Communication Systems by Ferral G. Stremler
• Analog and Digital Communication Systems by Martin S. Roden
• Communication System by John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi
Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021
Weightages
• Quizzes: 10%(Theory part of 75%) (6-8)
• Assignments: 10%(Theory part of 75%) (3-5 Assignments)
• OHTs: 30%(Theory part of 75%)
• Final Exam: 50%(Theory part of 75%)
• Lab Work: 25% (Lab Work, Lab Quizzes and Lab Exam/Project)

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


Course Overview
• Introduction to Communication Systems

• Analog Communication Systems


• Amplitude Modulation
• Angle Modulation

• Analog to Digital Conversion

• Digital Communication Systems


• Baseband Digital Communication
• Digital Modulation Schemes

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


Communication system
• What is communication?
• Transfer information from one point to another
• Components of communication system:
• Source/Transmitter
• Channel
• Destination/Receiver
Source Channel Destination

Information Information
generator sink
Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021
Components of Communication System
• Source: generates a message (digital or analog)
• human voice, images, data
• If data is nonelectrical, it must be converted by a transducer into an electrical
waveform referred to as the baseband signal or message signal

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


Components of Communication System
• Transmitter: operate on the message to create a signal (in an appropriate
form) which can be sent through a channel

Modulation
Coding

• Channel is a medium such as wire, coaxial cable, optical fibre, or a radio link,
through which transmitter output is sent
• Channel impairments: unwanted undesirable effects which corrupt the message

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


Components of Communication System
• Receiver: transform the received signal back into the message

• Destination: a person or a machine, for whom or which a message is


intended

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


Signals and Systems
• Signal is set of information or data
• System is an entity that process a set of signals (inputs) to yield another set of signals (outputs)
Energy of a signal:
• Consider a signal x(t), energy of a signal is defined as:
∞
𝐸𝑥 = න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
−∞
Example:
𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 ≥ 0
𝑥 𝑡 =ቊ
0 𝑡<0
∞ ∞
1
𝐸𝑥 = න 𝑒 −𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 =න 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=
0 0 2
• For a signal x(t), if 𝐸𝑥 is finite, i.e., 𝐸𝑥 < ∞, then x(t) is termed as an energy signal.

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


Signal Power
Power of a signal:
• power of a signal x(t) is defined as:
෨
1 𝑇Τ2
𝑃𝑥 = lim න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
෨
𝑇→∞ 𝑇෨ −𝑇෨ Τ2
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 ෩𝑇
= lim
෨
𝑇→∞ 𝑇෨
• If 𝑃𝑥 is finite, i.e., 𝑃𝑥 < ∞, then x(t) is termed as a power signal.

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


Power of an energy signal
• If x(t) is an energy signal,
1 𝑇෨ Τ2
𝑃𝑥 = lim ෨ ‫׬‬−𝑇෨ Τ2 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
෨
𝑇→∞ 𝑇
1 ∞
≤ lim න 𝑥 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
෨
𝑇→∞ 𝑇෨ −∞
𝐸𝑥
= lim ෨ = 0
෨
𝑇→∞ 𝑇
• Power of an energy signal, 𝑃𝑥
𝑃𝑥 ≤ 0 from above inequality
𝑃𝑥 ≥ 0 since 𝑃𝑥 is non-negative quantity
only possibility is that 𝑃𝑥 =0
i.e., power of an energy signal is zero.
Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021
Energy of a power signal
Now, look at the energy of a power signal,
If x(t) is a power signal,
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 ෩𝑇
• Energy in a window of size 𝑇෨ ≈ 𝑃𝑥 . 𝑇෨ comes from (𝑃𝑥 = lim )
෨
𝑇→∞ 𝑇෨

෨
Total energy = lim (Energy in a window size 𝑇)
෨
𝑇→∞
= lim 𝑃𝑥 . 𝑇෨ = ∞ as 𝑃𝑥 is constant, 𝑇෨ tends to inf.
෨
𝑇→∞

Therefore, energy of a power signal is ∞.

What kind of signal is a power signal?


Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021
Periodic Signals:
x(t) is periodic with time period, T
If 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑇 ∀𝑡, ∀𝑘 ∈ ℤ
• Shifting a signal t + an integer value times T, and the signal remains
unchanged –– is a periodic signal
• Sinusoidal signals are periodic signals: sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑡) is a periodic signal,
sin 2𝜋𝑓 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑇 = sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + 2𝜋𝑘𝑓𝑇 = sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑇 + 𝑘2𝜋
= sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑡)
where 𝑓T=1
T=fundamental period of the sinusoidal signal

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


Power of a periodic signal
Let, T= time period
෨
1 𝑇/2
𝑃𝑥 = lim න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
෨
𝑇→∞ 𝑇෨ −𝑇/2
෨
෨
If 𝑇=mT, naturally, as m tends to infinity, 𝑇෨ tends to inf.
1 𝑚𝑇/2
= lim න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑚→∞ 𝑚𝑇 −𝑚𝑇/2

energy in m periods = m times energy in a single period, i.e.


𝑇/2
1
= lim 𝑚න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑚→∞ 𝑚𝑇 −𝑇/2
𝑇/2
1
𝑃𝑥 = න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 −𝑇/2
• 𝑃𝑥 is the power of the periodic signal, i.e., (energy in a single period T)/T

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


Example
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝐹𝑡 , where T=1/F
1 𝑇/2 2 𝐴2 𝑇/2 1 + cos(4𝜋𝐹𝑡)
𝑃𝑥 = න 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝜋𝐹𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = න
𝑇 −𝑇/2 𝑇 −𝑇/2 2
𝐴2 1 𝐴2 1 4𝜋𝐹𝑇 𝑇 𝐴2
= T + [sin − sin 4𝜋𝐹 − ]=
𝑇 2 𝑇 8𝜋𝐹 2 2 2

𝐴2
• Hence, power of 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝐹𝑡 + ∅ = , does not depend on phase
2

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy