Chapter – 17

Breathing and Exchange of Gases

1. In which of the following gaseous exchange between O2 and CO2 occurs through
general body surface?
(A) Sponges (B) Coelenterates
(C) Flatworms (D) All
D
A
3. Amphibians e.g. frogs respire –
(a) Through moist skin
(B) Lungs
(C) Both a and b
(D) Trachea
C
4. Which is the correct sequence of air passages in man?
(A) External Nostril→ Nasal passage→ Internal nostril→ Pharynx →Larynx→ Trachea
→ Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli
(B) Nose→ Larynx→ Pharynx→ Bronchioles→ Bronchi → Alveoli
(C) Nose→ Pharynx →Trachea→ Larynx→ Bronchi → Bronchioles→ Alveoli
(D) Nose → Larynx→ Bronchi→ Pharynx→ Trachea→ Bronchioles →Alveoli
A
5. ·Which is correct about nasopharynx?
(A) Internal nostrils open into nasopharynx
(B) It is the common passage for both air and food
(C) It opens through gullet of the larynx region into the trachea
(D)All
A
6. Which of the following options is wrong about the larynx (sound box)?
(A) It is a bony box
(B) Glottis is the opening into the larynx
(C) During swallowing of food glottis is covered by epiglottis to prevent food
entry into the larynx
(D)All
A
7. Trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi at ______ thoracic vertebra.
(A) 4
(B) 5
(C) 6
(D) 9
B
8. Incomplete cartilaginous rings support all of the following except-
(A) Trachea
(B) Primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi
(C) Respiratory bronchioles
(D) Initial bronchioles
C
9. Which of the following has the smallest diameter?
(A) Trachea
(B) Terminal bronchiole
(C) Tertiary bronchus
(D) Secondary bronchus
B
10. Lungs are comprised by –
(A) Only alveoli
(C) Pleura
(C) Different types of bronchi
(D) Network of bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
D
11. Sites of gaseous exchange in lungs are –
(A) Alveoli
(B) Tracheoles
(C) Bronchioles
(D) Pleura
A
12.
I. It is double layered and covers the lungs
II. Fluid between the layers reduces friction on lung-surface
III. Outer layer is in contact with thoracic wall
IV. Inner layer is in contact with lungs The above features refer to –
(A) Pericardium
C
13. The part starting with the external nostrils upto the terminal
bronchioles constitute the -
(A) Respiratory or exchange part of respiratory system
(B) Inspiratory part
(C) Conducting part
(D) Expiratory part
C
14. Respiratory or exchange part of the respiratory system consists of-
(A) The parts starting with external nostrils upto terminal bronchioles
(B)Alveoli and their ducts
(C) All bronchi and terminal bronchioles
(D)All bronchioles
B
15. The conducting part of the respiratory system has functions.
(A) Filter, warm and moisten the air
(B) Gaseous exchange
(C) Filtering the air only
(D) Warm the air
A
16. The chamber formed dorsally by the vertebral column, ventrally by sternum, laterally
by ribs and on the lower side by dome-shaped diaphragm is -
(A) Abdominal cavity
(b) Thoracic cavity
(C) Pelvic cavity
(D) Cranial cavity
B
17. Respiration involves following steps –
I) Diffusion of gases O2 and CO2 across alveolar membrane
II) Transport of gases by blood
III) Utilization of O2 by cell for catabolic reactions and resultant release of CO2
IV) Pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air is drawn in and CO2 rich
alveolar air is released out
V) Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues.
The correct sequence of steps is –
(a)I)→ II)→III)→ IV)→V)
(b) V)→ IV)→III)→ II)→I)
(c) IV)→ I)→II)→ V)→III)
(d) III)→II)→ V)→I)→ IV)
C
A
19. The lungs expand in inspiration/inhalation because –
(A) Diaphragm contracts upward
(B) The volume of thoracic cavity increases
(C) External intercostal muscles relax
(D) Diaphragm relaxes
A
20. The process of exhalation I expiration is begun mainly due to –
(A) The contraction of intercostal muscles
(B) The contraction of the diaphragm
(C) The relaxation of muscles
(D) Low pressure in thoracic cavity
B
21. Which of the following statements about the mechanism of
ventilation/breathing is false?
(A) As the diaphragm relaxes, air is expelled from the respiratory system
(B) During inspiration the lungs act as suction pump
(C) Inspiration is a passive and expiration is an active process.
(D) For quiet breathing external intercostal muscles and diaphragm play an
important role.
C
22. Inspiration occurs when there is a negative pressure in the lungs with respect to
atmospheric pressure. This negative pressure is achieved when –
(A) Intrapulmonary pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure
(B) Intra pulmonary pressure is greater than the atmospheric pressure
(C) Intrapulmonary pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure
(D) Intrapleural pressure becomes more than
the intra-alveolar pressure
C
23. Expiration takes place when the intrapulmonary pressure is –
(A) Greater than the atmospheric pressure
(B) Lesser than the atmospheric pressure
(C) Equal to atmospheric pressure
(D) Equal to intrapleural pressure
A
24. Which of the following sequences is correct to initiate inspiration?
I. The contraction of external intercostal muscles raises the ribs and
sternum
II. Volume of thorax increases in the dorso-ventral axis
III. Intrapulmonary pressure decreases
IV. Diaphragm contraction
V. Air rushes into lungs
VI. Volume of thorax increases in the anterio-posterior axis
(A) I, II, IV, V, III, VI
(B) I, II, III, IV, V
(C) I, II, IV, VI, III, V
(D) VI, V, I, II, III, IV
B
25. Which of the following sequences is correct to initiate expiration?
I. Relaxation of external intercostal muscles and return of diaphragm and
sternum to their normal position
II. Air expelled from lungs
III. Volume of thorax decreases
IV. Intrapulmonary pressure increases
(A) I, III IV, II
(B) II, IV, III, I
(C) IV, III, II, I
(D) I, II, III, IV
C
26. On an average, a healthy human breathes ______ times I
minute-
(A) 20 - 40
(B) 1-6
(C) 12-16
(D) 16-25
A
27. Additional muscles for forceful breathing are –
(A) Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
(B) Abdominal muscles and internal intercostal .muscles
(C) Diaphragm and abdominal muscles
(D) External and internal intercostal muscles
C
B
A
C
31. Arrange the following in order of increasing volume –
1. Tidal volume
2. Residual volume
3. Expiratory reserve volume
4. Vital capacity
(A) 1 < 2 < 3 < 4
(B) 1 < 4 < 3 < 2
(C) 1 < 3 < 2 < 4
(D) 1 < 4 < 2 < 3
B
32. Different respiratory volumes are given below
I. Tidal Volume= 500 ml
II. Residual Volume= 1000 ml
III. Inspiratory Reserve Volume= 2500 ml
IV. Expiratory Reserve Volume = 1000 ml The functional residual
capacity (FRC) is –
(A) 3500 ml (B) 2000 ml
(C) 600 ml (D) 3000 ml
C
33. Expiratory capacity is equal to –
(A) TV+ ERV (B) ERV+ IRV
(C) ERV+ RV (D) ERV+ RV
B
34. A spirometer cannot be used to measure –
(A) IC (B) RV
(C) ERV (D) IRV
A
35. The maximum volume of air you can forcefully exhale after
taking the deepest possible breath is called
(A) Tidal volume
(B) Total respiratory volume
(C) Residual volume
(D) Vital capacity
B
36. Exchange of gases –
(A) Occurs between the alveoli and pulmonary blood capillary
(B) Occurs between blood and tissues
(C) By diffusion
(D)All
D
37. Which of the following factors affect the diffusion of gases?
(A) Partial pressure of diffusing gases
(C) Solubility of gases
(C) The thickness of diffusion membrane
(D) All
D
38. Which of the following statements about the partial pressure
of CO2 is true?
(A) It is higher in alveoli than in pulmonary artery
(B) It is higher in the systemic arteries than in tissues
(C) It is higher in systemic veins than in systemic arteries
(D) It is higher in the pulmonary veins than in pulmonary arteries
D
39. The partial pressure of CO2 in the venous blood is –
(A) Greater than in the tissue spaces
(B) Lesser than in the tissue spaces
(C) Lesser than in the arterial blood
(D) Less than in alveoli
C
40. A section of an alveolus with a pulmonary capillary
indicates the presence of major layers constituting diffusion
membrane-
(A) 3
(B) 2
(C) 6
(D) 10
B
41. Partial pressures (in mmHg) of O2 in atmospheric air,
alveoli deoxygenated blood, oxygenated blood and tissues are-
(A) 40, 95, 40, 104, 159
(B) 104, 40, 40, 95, 159
(C) 153, 104, 40, 95, 40
(D) 195, 104, 95, 40, 40
A
42. Partial pressure (in mm Hg) of CO2 in atmospheric air,
alveoli, deoxygenated blood,oxygenated blood and tissues are-
(A) 0.3, 40, 45, 40, 45
(B) 40, 45, 40, 45, 0.3
(C) 40, 40, 45, 45, 0.3
(D) 0.3, 45, 45, 40, 40
C
A
44. In comparison to solubility of O2 in blood the solubility of CO2
is –
(A) 20 - 25 times lesser
(B) Slightly higher
(C) Slightly greater
(D) 20 - 25 times higher
A
D
46. The barrier between the air in alveolus and blood in pulmonary
capillary consists of 3 layers and its total thickness is-
(A) 1 mm
(B) more than 1 mm
(C) much less than 1 mm
(D) 2 mm
A
47. Total percentage of O2 transported by haemoglobin or RBC is –
(A) 3% (B) 97%
(C) 49% (D) 100%
C
48. Besides RBC blood plasma also carries O2 in solution. The
percentage is –
(A) 3% (B) 97%
(C) 49% (D) 25%
B
49. CO2 is transported –
(A) By RBC
(B) As bicarbonates
(C) In a dissolved state through plasma (D) All
A
50. The majority of CO2 is transported as –
(A) Carbonates
(B) Bicarbonates
(C) Carbaminohaemoglobin
(D) Dissolved state in blood
D
B
52. Each molecule of haemoglobin when fully saturated carries how
many molecules of O2 –
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) 20
A
53. Dissociation curve is associated with –
(A) Carbonic anhydrase
(B) CO
(C) CHCl2
(D) Oxyhaemoglobin
C
54. Binding of O2 with haemoglobin is
primarily related to –
(A) pO2 (B) pCO2
(C) H+ conc. (D) None
D
55. Besides pO2 the other factor(s) affecting the binding of O2
with haemoglobin is/are –
(A) pCO2 (B) H+conc.
(C) Temperature (D)All
A
56. Oxygen dissociation curve is –
(A) J-shaped
(B) S-shaped
(C) L-shaped
(D) Zig-zag
D
57. Which of the following statements is wrong?
(A) O2 binds with haemoglobin in a reversible manner to form oxyhaemoglobin.
(B) Every 100 mL of oxygenated blood can deliver around 5 ml of O2 to the tissue
(C) Occupational respiratory disorder are characterised by fibrosis (proliferation of
fibrous tissues)
(D) None
B
58. What will be the pO2 and pCO2 in the atmospheric air compared
to those in the alveolar?
(A) pO2 lesser, pCO2 higher
(B) pO2 higher, pCO2 lesser
(C) pO2 higher, pCO2 higher
(D) pO2 lesser, pCO2 lesser
D
59. Which of the following would have the same O2 content?
(A) Blood entering the lungs - blood leaving the lungs
(B) Blood entering the right side of the heart -blood leaving the right side of the heart
(C) Blood entering the right side of the heart-blood leaving the left side of the heart
(D) Blood entering the tissue capillaries -blood leaving the tissue capillaries
B
B
61. Which of the following situations would result in the
greatest degree of O2 saturation for haemoglobin,
assuming pO2 remains constant –
(A) Increased CO2 levels, decreased temperature
(B) Increased CO2 levels, increased temperature
(C) Decreased CO2 levels, decreased temperature
(D) Decreased CO2 levels, increased temperature
D
62. Which of the following factors favour the formation of
oxyhaemoglobin in lungs?
(A) pO2 ↓, pCO2↑ , H+↑ , Temperature↑
(B) pO2 ↑, pCO2↑ , H+↓ , Temperature↑
(C) pO2 ↑, pCO2↓ , H+↓ , Temperature↓
(D) pO2 ↓, pCO2↑ , pH↑ , Temperature↓
C
63. All of the following favour the dissociationof
oxyhaemoglobin to deliver O2 to tissues except-
(A) pO2 ↑
(B) pCO2↑ OR H+↑
(C) Temperature↑
(D) pO2 ↓
C
64. The transport of CO2 by the blood in primarily dependent on –
(A) The solubility of CO2in blood
(B) The presence of carbonic anhydrase in RBCs
(C) The ability of haemoglobin to bind and transport CO2
(D) The ability of other blood proteins
A
65. Which of the following statements is false?
(A) pO2 is the major factor which affects the binding of CO2 with
haemoglobin
(B) pCO2 is low and pO2 is high as in the tissues, more binding of
CO2 with Hb occurs
(C) RBC contains a very high conc. of carbonic anhydrase and
minute quantities of the same in the plasma
(D) Every 100 mL of deoxygenated blood delivers approximately 4
mL of CO2 to the alveoli.
B
B
B
68. Assertion- The maximum pO2 in alveoli isconsiderably less than
in the atmosphere.
Reason- Lungs in mammals do not completely empty with each
breath and inhalation occurs through the same airways as exhalation,
so each inhalation mixes fresh air with oxygen depleted residual air.
A) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is correct
explanation of assertion.
B) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is not correct
explanation of assertion.
C) Assertion is true but reason is false.
D) Both assertion and reason are false.
C
69. How does an increase in the CO2 concentration in the blood
affect the pH of CSF?
(A) pH↑
(B) pH↓
(C) pH remains same.
(D) pH may increase or decrease.
A
70. Assertion - A drop in the blood pH causes an increase in heart
rate.
Reason- Increased Heart Rate increases the rate at which CO2 is
delivered to the lungs, where CO2 is removed.
A) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is correct
explanation of assertion.
B) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is not correct
explanation of assertion.
C) Assertion is true but reason is false.
D) Both assertion and reason are false.
B
71. Pneumotaxic centre is present in –
(A) Pons
(B) Medulla oblongata
(C) Cerebrum
(D) Cerebellum
A
72. Pneumotaxic centre is present in –
(A) Pons
(B) Medulla oblongata
(C) Cerebrum
(D) Cerebellum
B
73. The breathing centre initiates ventilation in response to –
(A) A decrease in air pressure
(B)A decrease in O2
(C) An increase in CO2
(D) The rate of gas exchange in the alveoli
A
74. All of the following factors play role in the regulation of
respiratory rhythm except –
(A) CO2 (B) H+ conc.
(C) O2
(D) None of the above is correct
C
75. Receptors associated with aortic arch and carotid artery
can recognise changes in ______ and ____ conc. and send
necessary signal to _______ for remedial action.
(A) O2, CO2, Pneumothorax
(B) CO2, H+, rhythm centre
(C) CO2, H+, apneustic centre
(D) 0 2, H+, Pneumothorax
C
76. Respiratory centre of brain is stimulated by-
(A) CO2 content in venous blood
(B) CO2 content in arterial blood
(C) O2 content in arterial blood
(D) O2 content in venous blood
B
77. Asthma is caused by –
(A) Infections of lungs
(B) Infection of trachea
(C) Spasm in bronchial muscles
(D) Infection in nose
B
78. One reason for emphysema is –
(A) Cigarette smoking
(B) Drug addiction
(C) Wine consumption
(D) Heavy exercise
C
79. Emphysema is characterised by –
(A) Permanent enlargement and destruction of alveolar area
leading to reduction in respiratory surface
(B) Inhibition of respiratory centre
(C) Accumulation of fluid in lungs
(D) Spasm of muscles of trachea
A
80. Why do human beings have difficulty breathing at high
elevations?
(A) O2 makes up lower percentage of air there
(B) The temperature is lower there
(C) The barometric pressure is higher there
(D) pO2 is lower there
A
81. Which of the following .diseases are occupational respiratory
disorder?
(A) Silicosis, Fibrosis and asbestosis
(B) Emphysema and mountain sickness
(C)Asthma and Emphysema
(D)Asthma and Hepatitis
D
82. If an injury tore a small hole in the membrane surrounding
lungs, what effect on lung function would you expect?
(A) Pneumothorax with lung collapse
(B) Pneumothorax without lung collapse
(C) Silicosis with lung collapse
(D) Silicosis without lung collapse
A
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190. Assertion: Withdrawal syndrome is characterised by
anxiety, shakiness, nausea and sweating.
Reason: Withdrawal syndrome is not relieved even when use
of drugs is resumed again.
A) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
correct
explanation of assertion.
B) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct
explanation of assertion.
C) Assertion is true but reason isfalse.
D) Both assertion and reason are false.
C
191. Assertion: Those who take drugs intravenously
are much more likely to acquire AIDS and Hepatitis B.
Reason: The viruses of AIDS and Hepatitis B are
transferred from one person to another by sharing of
infected needles and syringes.
A) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is
the correct explanation of assertion.
B) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is
not the correct explanation of assertion.
C) Assertion is true but reason is false.
D) Both assertion and reason are false.
A