PRACTICAL FILE

OF
COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING
Subject Code: - BMA721
 Index

Sr. No Experiment name Page Signature

no
1.
Analysis of Cantilever beams and finds the failure 3 to 6
load & select the suitable material for this load.

2.
Effect of fillet radius on a T-section. 7 to 11

3.
Effect of with/without Rib/Stiffener on a structure. 12 to 16

4.
Calculate the Percentage (%) error in tensile test in 17 to 21
principal stress, max Shear & Determinant of a stress
matrix.

5.
Effect of torsion Applied in brittle and Ductile 22 to 23
material & find the failure plain.
6.
Effect of Normal stress in brittle and Ductile material 24 to 25
& find the failure plane.

7. Analysis of Bearing and To Find the Variations in Stress 26-30

by With Respect to The Variation in The Position of The
Shaft-Axis.

Analysis for assembly to find the critical load and for this
8.
critical load finds the suitable material.

Analysis for universal joint assembly to find the critical load

9.
and for this critical load.
 Experiment No.: 01
Aim: - Analysis for cantilever Beam to find the critical load and for this critical load
finds the suitable material.

Figure 1 (2D Drawing of Cantilever Beam)

Dimensions: - 20*20*150

Procedure: -

1) Create a cantilever beam3D Model with dimension X150, Y20, Z20 in NX Nastran
Software. And save it, without saving it you won’t be able to do analysis.

2) Now Open the Save File and Perform the Required Operations.

Figure 2 (3D view of Cantilever beam)

3) Now Go to File (Click) – Go to New FEM and Simulation (Click) – Again Go to
New FEM and Simulation – Open a Block of New FEM and Simulation – OK –
Solution (Give name acc. to model, solution type: linear static) – OK

4) Now, assign the Material to the Cantilever Beam for find out the Critical Load on the
Cantilever Beam and divide the Cantilever Beam into Finite Element by 3D
Tetrahedral. Go two the More Option (Click) – Assign Material (Click) – Select
Material (Steel) – OK – 3D Tetrahedral (Click) – Type and Size (CTETRA 10 and 10) –
OK.

5): Now apply Constrain and load at different point according to analysis on the
Cantilever Beam for Check the Critical Load. Go to the Sim File (Double Click) –
Constrain (Click) – Select Fixed Constrain – OK – Load (Click) – S

Figure 3 (Element Type C-Tetra 10 on Steel Beam)

 Figure 4 (Elemental Max Shear and deformation of STEEL)

Figure 5 (Representation of individual Parameter of Steel)

Result: - When you select the Steel Material You Find that the Maximum elemental
(Von Mises) Stress is found to be 332.69N/mm^2.

6) Now again perform the same procedure and reassign the material from steel to AISI
STEEL 1005 MATERIAL and check the elemental stress.
 Figure 6 (Elemental Max Shear on AISI STEEL 1005)

Figure 7 (Representation of Individual parameter Of AISI STEEL 1005)

Result: - In this case we got maximum Von Mises stress 332.59N/mm^2.

From here we can say that for same amount of load 1000N the AISI STEEL 1005
material has more potential to retain its shape as compare to Simple Steel.
 Experiment No.: 02
Aim: -The check the Effect of fillet radius on a structure and calculate the improvement
in stress concentration. ( Range of Filled radius 5,10,20) with extrude of 20 mm

Figure 8 (2D sketch of T beam)

Procedure: -

1) Create a T-Beam of the given dimensions and extrude it 20.

2) Now go to Pre-Post option in the application section.

3) Go to file Simulation view and create the New Fem & Simulation File. And create
the idealized part along with element iterative option.

Figure 9 (Idealized part Creation)

4) Now Apply the Filled Radius (5) at the edges show in figure. Assign the material,
Types of Mesh element (C-tetra 10), also perform the Mesh Refining.

5) Now apply the Constraints as Fixed Constraint and load as Force of 1000 N.

6) Now Go to simulation File and go to Result section in View file manager and Click
on Structural option and Check the value of elemental Stress.
 Figure 10 (Elemental Max shear for 5 mm radius)

Result: - It is found that when we apply the fillet of 5mm then the maximum Von
Mises stress comes to be around 30.32 N/mm^2.

7) Now go to return to home option and again go to FEM file and create a New FEM
and Simulation file and create another Idealized Part. And change the filled radius from
5 to 10 and see the results again.
 Figure 11( Elemental Max Shear for 10mm Radius)

Result: - It is found that when we apply the fillet of 10 mm then the maximum Von
Mises stress comes to be around 23.62 N/mm^2.

8) Now go to return to home option and again go to FEM file and Create a New FEM
and Simulation file and create another Idealized Part. And change the filled radius from
10 to 20 and see the results again.

Figure
12(Elemental
Max Shear for
20mm Radius)
Result: - It is found that when we apply the fillet of 20 mm then the maximum Von
Mises stress comes to be around 17.15 N/mm^2.

From all three experiments we can say that with increase in filled radius the maximum
Von Mises stress decrease with the following percentage value.

Case I: - Von Mises stress value = 30.32 N/mm^2

Case 2: - Von Mises Stress Value = 23.62 N/mm^2

Case 3: - Von Mises Stress Value = 17.15 N/mm^2

Table 1 (Comparison of different fillet radius effect)

Idealized Part Filled Von % decrease in Load(N)

Radius(mm) Mises(N/mm^2) Stress with
increase in
radius
1 5 30.32 0 1000
2 10 23.62 22.09 1000
3 20 17.15 43.43 1000

Graph 1: -Von Mises vs. Decrease In stress value

Graph 1 (von mises vs. % decrease in stress)

Graph 2: - Filled radius Vs. Von mises.

Graph 2 (Von mises vs. increase in fillet radius)

Experiment No.: 03
Aim: - Effect of with/without Rib/Stiffener on a structure with an Extrude of 20mm

Figure 13( 2D Sketch of T- Beam)

Procedure: - Case 1 Effect on T-structure without Rib.

1) Create a T-Beam of the given dimensions and extrude it 20.

2) Now go to Pre-Post option in the application section.

3) Go to file Simulation view and create the New Fem & Simulation File. And create
the idealized part along with element iterative option.

Figure 14 (Creating Idealized Part)

4) Assign the STEEL material of the T-Section.

5)Apply the meshes on the structure along the element size 7mm.

6) Now apply the Constraints as Fixed Constraint and load as Force of 1500 N.
 Figure 15 (Load Application)

7) Now go to simulation file, after going to simulation file go to Result section in View
file manager and Click on Structural option and Check the value of elemental Stress .

Figure 16 (Distribution of element)

 Figure 17 (Elemental Max Shear)

Result: - It is found that when we find result without rib then the maximum Von
Mises stress comes to be around 57.12 N/mm^2 and maximum shear stress is 28.89
N/mm^2.

Case 2: - Effect on T-section with Rib.

Procedure: -

1) Create a T-Beam of the given dimensions and extrude it 20. Then make a rib on the
right side of the T-section with dimension 20mm length at 45degree angle with 8 mm
extrude.

2) Now go to Pre-Post option in the application section.

3) Go to file Simulation view and create the New Fem & Simulation File. And create
the idealized part along with element iterative option.
4) All the procedure is same as without rib experiment excluded meshes refining on the
rib.

5) Go to Mesh control and select the surface of the rib and refining the element size on
the rib with 1.5mm.

Figure 18 (T- Section)

6) Now go to simulation file, after going to simulation file go to Result section in View
file manager and Click on Structural option and Check the value of elemental Stress .
Figure 19 (Distribution of beam in element)
 Figure 20 (Elemental Max Shear)

Result: - It is found that when we find result with rib then the maximum Von Mises
stress comes to be around 65.66 N/mm^2 and maximum shear stress is 44.46
N/mm^2.

Result: -
In case 1 when we don’t used the rib in the structure the value of the von-mises is 57.12
N/mm^2 but when we use the rib in the structure of T-section the value of the von-
mises is 65.66 N/mm^2.

So, the result shows that due to the rib in the structure von-mises is increased.
 Experiment No.: 04

Aim: Calculation of percentage error in tensile test of principal stress, max shear and
determinant of 3D stress matrix.

Theory: Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, is a fundamental materials

science and engineering test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until
failure. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile
strength, breaking strength, maximum elongation and reduction in area.

The preparation of test specimens depends on the purposes of testing and on the
governing test method or specification. A tensile specimen is usually a standardized
sample cross-section. It has two shoulders and a gauge (section) in between. The
shoulders are large so they can be readily gripped, whereas the gauge section has a
smaller cross-section so that the deformation and failure can occur in this area.

Procedure:

Step 1. First, the CAD model of specimen is made in the NX with following
dimensions. As shown in figure

Figure 21 (2D Drawing of Test Specimen)

 Figure 22 (3D Model of Test Specimen)

Step 2. Then opened analysis module in NX by clicking application- after that click on
pre/post. There are four files are generated FEM, SIM, idealize part and Master part
after selecting the New Simulation and Fem Option.

Step 3. Then mesh is generated using C-TETRA-10 elements of 1mm size in the FEM
File.

Step 4. Then Steel material is assigned to the specimen in the FEM file. Yield Strength
of Steel is 137895 MN/mm^2(kPa).

Step 5. Then constrains are provided on the model and load of 1500 N is applied in one
direction in the FEM file.

Graph 3 (Iterative Convergence Graph)

Step 6. After all the Solve the Solution in the SIM file. The structural result is shown on
the simulation view. There is also an iterative solver convergence graph.

Step 7. Then result is solved, and value of Von-Mises is noted, which is 48.72 MPa.

Figure 23 (All Stresses)

 Figure 24 (Elemental Max Shear)

Step 8. Then also found the values of σ 1, σ 2, σ 3. The σ 1, σ 2, σ 3 is also known as σ

1=XX, σ 2 = YY, σ 3= ZZ. According to the process the values are:

Calculations of % error:

σ xx = σ 1 = 9.82 MPa

σ yy = σ 1 = 50.74 MPa

σ zz = σ 3 = 9.81 MPa

τ xy =σ 1σ 2 = 14.14 MPa

τ yz = σ 2σ 3 = 13.86 MPa

τ xz = σ 3σ 1 = 3.511 MPa

Von –Misses = 48.72 MPa

Determinant = 1852.55 MPa

Case 1. (Checking and finding error % in Von- Misses)

Theoretical Von Misses = √ σ 12 +σ 22 +σ 32−σ 1 σ 2−σ 2 σ 3−σ 3 σ 1

=√ (9.82)2 +(50.72)2 +(9.81)2−14.14−13.86−3.511 MPa

= √ 96.4324+ 2572.52+ 96.2361−31.511 MPa

= √ 2796.6995 MPa

Theoretical Value = 52.88 MPa

Theoretical−actual ( practical )∗100

Error Percentage =
Theoretical

= (52.88−48.72
52.88 )*100

Error = 7.86 %

So, the error is less than 15% to 20% so the specimen is acceptable.

Case 2. The checking of the error in Determinant

[ ]
σxx τ xy τ xz
Determinant matrix of Stresses = τ yx σyy τ yz
τ zx τ zy σzz

[ ]
9.82 14.14 3.511
So, putting Values = 14.14 50.74 13.86
3.511 13.86 9.81

Solving = 9.82 [ 50.74

13.86
13.86
9.81 ]
-14.14 [
14.14 13.86
3.511 9.81 ]
+3.511 [
14.14 50.74
3.511 13.86 ]
= 9.82 [ 497.76−192.10 ]-14.14 [ 138.71−48.66 ] + 3.511 [ 195.98−178.15 ]

= 9.82 [ 305.66 ]-14.14 [ 90.05 ] + 3.511 [ 17.81 ]

= 3001.58 – 1273.31 + 62.53

= 3064.11 – 1273.31

Theoretical determinant = 1790.8 MPa

Theoretical−actual ( practical )
% Error in determinant = *100
Theoretical

=( 1790.8−1852.55
1852.55 )*100
= -3.33 % error

Which is acceptable

Result: After using the formula, the error between Stress Elemental and Von-Misses
is -3.33%.

Experiment No: 05
Aim: -Effect of torsion applied in brittle and ductile material & find the failure plane.

Sol-:

Torsion: - In the field of solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object due to an
applied torque. Torsion is expressed in newton’s per square meter (Pa) or pounds per
square inch (psi) while torque is expressed in newton meters (N-m) or foot-pound force
(ft-lbf). In sections perpendicular to the torque axis, the resultant shear stress in this
section is perpendicular to the radius.

T = applied external Torque, which is constant over Length L.

J = Polar moment of Inertia

G = Modules of rigidity (or Modulus of elasticity in shear)

 = It is the angle of twist in radians on a length L.

1. Ductile material: - if we apply the torque on shaft then the plane of failure will
always be X- Plane which is perpendicular to X axis. Crack will always follow the least
distance between the nodes so here in this case the least distance between the nodes is
only on X plane perpendicular to X axis.

Figure 25 (Failure of Ductile Material under Torsion)

By Mohr Circle: - As in case of Torsional moment we do not have any normal stress
acting on the shaft so we will only represent the shear stresses in Mohr circle. Which
means it is a pure shear case as here radius of Mohr circle will be

R= σ 1=σ 2=τ xy

Figure 26 (Mohr Circle for Pure Shear Condition)

By Mohr circle the maximum shear acting x-plane perpendicular to x-axis so this will
be the failure plane.

2. Brittle material: - we know that the brittle material is failed by normal stress and
volume change. So, the failure plane will be at 4s from maximum shear plane.

Figure 27 (Failure of Brittle Material)

Experiment No.: 06
Aim: - Effect of normal stress in brittle and ductile material & find the failure plane.

Sol: -

Theory: -

Normal Stress: -A normal stress is a stress that occurs when a member is loaded by an
axial force. The value of the normal force for any prismatic section is simply the force
divided by the cross-sectional area. A normal stress will occur when a member is placed
in tension or compression. Examples of members experiencing pure normal forces
would include columns, collar ties, etc.
1. Ductile material: -

Figure 28 (Failure of Ductile Material under Normal Stresses)

So, ductile material is failure by shear & I simple tension test the plane which is 4s
from the normal stress plane is failure plane.

2. Brittle material: -

Figure 29 (Failure of Brittle Material Under Normal Stresses)

So, brittle material is failed by normal stress & in simple tension the plane which is
perpendicular to Y-axis is maximum normal plane.
 Experiment No.: 07

Aim: Analysis of Bearing and To Find the Variations in Stress by With Respect to The
Variation in The Position of The Shaft-Axis.

Figure 32 (Bearing
Sketch)

Procedure:

1. Create A Bearing of Above Given Dimensions by Extruding 40mm.

2. Now, Go to Pre-Post Option in The Application Section.
3. Go to File Simulation View and Create the New Fem & Simulation File. And
Create the Idealized Part Along with Element Iterative Option.

Figure 33 (Creating Idealizing Part)

4. Now assign STEEL as the material of the bearing.

Figure 34 (Assigning Material to Bearing)

5.Apply 3D C-Tetra-3 Mesh Structure of Element Size 5mm to the Bearing.

 Figure 35(Mesh Structure)

6. Now, apply the Fixed Constraint to the base of the bearing and Bearing load of
1000N at the walls of bearing hole spreading an angle of 120 degrees in downward
direction.

Figure
36 (Application of Bearing Load at 120 degrees)
10.Now, go to Simulation file, then go to Result and Check the value of Von
Mises in Elemental Stress.

Figure 37 (Von Mises Stress)

11.Now, apply the Bearing load of 1000N at the walls of bearing hole spreading an
angle of 150 degrees in downward direction.

Figure 38 (Application of Bearing Load at 150 degrees)

12.Now, go to Simulation file, then go to Result and Check the value of Von
Mises in Elemental Stress.
 Figure 39 (Von Mises Stress)

Result: The value of Von-Mises stress for bearing load of 1000N at 120 degrees is
4.491 MPa and that for bearing load of 1000N at 150 degrees is 4.607 MPa.

Therefore, greater the diameter of the shaft in the bearing, greater will be the stress
induced in the bearing and hence, lesser will be the deformation.

Experiment No.: 08

Aim: - Analysis for assembly to find the critical load and for this critical load.

PROCEDURE: -
• Create a assembly in nx assembly or import from other Software. And save it,

without saving it you won’t be able to do analysis.

• Now Open the Save File and Perform the Required Operations.

• Now Go to File (Click) – Go to New FEM and Simulation (Click) – Again Go to New
FEM and Simulation – Open a Block of New FEM and Simulation – OK – Solution
(Give name acc. to model, solution type:

• Now, assign the Material to the each componnents of the assembly for find out
the Critical Load on the assembly and divide the assembly into Finite Element by
3D Tetrahedral. Go two the More Option (Click) – Assign Material (Click) – Select
Material (Steel or other materials) – OK – 3D Tetrahedral (Click) – Type and Size
(CTETRA 4 ) – OK.
• After that go to mesh mating tool and give the value of mesh mating than apply
on the assembly.
• after that click on udate before go the simulation section.

• : Now apply Constrain and load at different point according to analysis on the
assembly for Check the Critical Load. Go to the Sim File (Double Click) – Constrain
(Click) – Select Fixed
Constrain – OK – Load (Click) – S
• After that go the post processing navigator and right click on to the solution and
click on model setup check. when some error is there please resolve it.
• when there is no error than go to the toolbar and click on solve .

• After the completion of solver part than go to post processing navigator and
double click on structural and you check all the results.
 Experiment No.: 09

Aim: - Analysis for universal joint assembly to find the critical load and for this critical load.

PROCEDURE: -
• Create a universal joint assmbly in nx assembly or import from other Software.And save it, without
saving it you won’t be able to do analysis.

• Now Open the universal joint Save File and Perform the Required Operations.

• Now Go to File (Click) – Go to New FEM and Simulation (Click) – Again Go to New FEM and
Simulation – Open a Block of New FEM and Simulation – OK – Solution (Give name acc. to model,
solution type: linear static) – OK

• Now, assign the Material to the each componnents of the universal joint assembly for find out the
Critical Load on the assembly and divide the assembly into Finite Element by 3D Tetrahedral. Go two
the More Option (Click) – Assign Material (Click) – Select Material (Steel or other materials) – OK –
3D Tetrahedral (Click) – Type and Size (CTETRA 4 ) – OK.

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 •
• After that go to mesh mating tool and give the value of mesh mating than apply on the universal
joint assembly.

• After that click on update before go the simulation section.

• Now apply Constrain and load at different point according to analysis on the universal joint
assembly for Check the Critical Load. Go to the Sim File (Double Click) – Constrain (Click)
– Select Fixed Constrain – OK – Load (Click) – S

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• After that go the post processing navigator and right click on to the solution and click on model setup
check. when some error is there please resolve it.

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• when there is no error than go to the toolbar and click on solve .
• After the completion of solver part than go to post processing navigator and double click on structural
and you check all the results of universal joint assembly .

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