204 Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

Problems
Section 6.1 6.4 Assume in Problem 6.3 that the value of the voltage
across the inductor at t = 0 is -18 V instead of 3 V.
6.1 The current in a 150 mH inductor is known to be
PSPICE
a) Find the numerical expressions for i and v for
t Ú 0.
MULTISIM
iL = 25te-500t A for t Ú 0.
b) Specify the time intervals when the inductor is
a) Find the voltage across the inductor for t 7 0. storing energy and the time intervals when the
(Assume the passive sign convention.) inductor is delivering energy.
b) Find the power (in microwatts) at the terminals c) Show that the total energy extracted from the
of the inductor when t = 5 ms. inductor is equal to the total energy stored.
c) Is the inductor absorbing or delivering power at
6.5 The current in a 200 mH inductor is
5 ms?
d) Find the energy (in microjoules) stored in the i = 75 mA, t … 0;
-50t
inductor at 5 ms. i = (B1 cos 200t + B2 sin 200t)e A, t Ú 0.
e) Find the maximum energy (in microjoules) The voltage across the inductor (passive sign conven-
stored in the inductor and the time (in milli- tion) is 4.25 V at t = 0. Calculate the power at the
seconds) when it occurs. terminals of the inductor at t = 25 ms. State whether
the inductor is absorbing or delivering power.
6.2 The triangular current pulse shown in Fig. P6.2 is
PSPICEapplied to a 500 mH inductor. 6.6 Evaluate the integral
MULTISIM q
a) Write the expressions that describe i(t) in
the four intervals t 6 0, 0 … t … 25 ms, p dt
L0
25 ms … t … 50 ms, and t 7 50 ms.
for Example 6.2. Comment on the significance of
b) Derive the expressions for the inductor volt- the result.
age, power, and energy. Use the passive sign
convention. 6.7 The voltage at the terminals of the 750 mH inductor
PSPICE in Fig. P6.7(a) is shown in Fig. P6.7(b). The inductor
Figure P6.2 MULTISIM
current i is known to be zero for t … 0.
i (mA) a) Derive the expressions for i for t Ú 0.
100 b) Sketch i versus t for 0 … t … q .

Figure P6.7
i vs (mV)
0 25 50 t (ms)
150
⫹
6.3 The current in a 50 mH inductor is known to be vs 750 mH
⫺
i = 120 mA, t … 0; 0 50 t (ms)
(a) (b)
i = A1e-500t + A2e-2000tA, t Ú 0.
6.8 The current in the 50 mH inductor in Fig. P6.8 is
The voltage across the inductor (passive sign con-
known to be 100 mA for t 6 0. The inductor volt-
vention) is 3 V at t = 0.
age for t Ú 0 is given by the expression
a) Find the expression for the voltage across the
inductor for t 7 0. vL(t) = 2e-100t V, 0 + … t … 100 ms
b) Find the time, greater than zero, when the power vL(t) = -2e-100(t - 0.1) V, 100 ms … t 6 q
at the terminals of the inductor is zero.
Sketch vL(t) and iL(t) for 0 … t 6 q .
 Problems 205

Figure P6.8 6.11 The current in a 25 mH inductor is known to be -10 A

iL(t)
PSPICE for t … 0 and (-10 cos 400t - 5 sin 400t) e-200t A
MULTISIM
for t Ú 0. Assume the passive sign convention.
a) At what instant of time is the voltage across the
⫹ inductor maximum?
vL(t) 50 mH
⫺
b) What is the maximum voltage?

6.12 Initially there was no energy stored in the 5 H

6.9 The current in and the voltage across a 10 H induc- inductor in the circuit in Fig. P6.12 when it was
tor are known to be zero for t … 0. The voltage placed across the terminals of the voltmeter. At
across the inductor is given by the graph in Fig. P6.9 t = 0 the inductor was switched instantaneously to
for t Ú 0. position b where it remained for 1.6 s before returning
a) Derive the expression for the current as a instantaneously to position a. The d’Arsonval volt-
function of time in the intervals 0 … t … 25 ms, meter has a full-scale reading of 20 V and a sensitivity
25 ms … t … 75 ms, 75 ms … t … 125 ms, of 1000 Æ>V. What will the reading of the voltmeter
125 ms … t … 150 ms, and 150 ms … t 6 q . be at the instant the switch returns to position a if the
inertia of the d’Arsonval movement is negligible?
b) For t 7 0, what is the current in the inductor
when the voltage is zero?
Figure P6.12
c) Sketch i versus t for 0 … t 6 q .

Figure P6.9 b a

v (V)
⫹ ⫺
3 mV
⫺ 5H ⫹ Voltmeter
20

t (ms)
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 Section 6.2
6.13 The voltage across a 5 mF capacitor is known to be
⫺20
vc = 500te-2500t V for t Ú 0.

a) Find the current through the capacitor for t 7 0.

6.10 a) Find the inductor current in the circuit in Assume the passive sign convention.
PSPICE Fig. P6.10 if v = 20 cos 80t V, L = 100 mH, and b) Find the power at the terminals of the capacitor
MULTISIM
i(0) = 0 A. when t = 100 ms.
b) Sketch v, i, p, and w versus t. In making these c) Is the capacitor absorbing or delivering power at
sketches, use the format used in Fig. 6.8. t = 100 ms ?
Plot over one complete cycle of the voltage d) Find the energy stored in the capacitor at
waveform. t = 100 ms.
c) Describe the subintervals in the time interval e) Find the maximum energy stored in the capaci-
between 0 and 8p ms when power is being tors and the time when the maximum occurs.
absorbed by the inductor. Repeat for the
subintervals when power is being delivered by 6.14 The triangular voltage pulse shown in Fig. P6.14 is
the inductor. applied to a 200 mF capacitor.
a) Write the expressions that describe v(t) in the five
Figure P6.10 time intervals t 6 0, 0 … t … 2 s, 2 s … t … 6 s,
6 s … t … 8 s, and t 7 8 s.
i
⫹ b) Derive the expressions for the capacitor current,
v L
⫺ power, and energy for the time intervals in
part (a). Use the passive sign convention.
206 Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

c) Identify the time intervals between 0 and 8 s Assume C = 120 mF.

when power is being delivered by the capacitor. a) Find the current in the capacitor for t 6 0.
Repeat for the time intervals when power is
being absorbed by the capacitor. b) Find the current in the capacitor for t 7 0.
c) Is there an instantaneous change in the voltage
Figure P6.14 across the capacitor at t = 0?
v (V) d) Is there an instantaneous change in the current
20 in the capacitor at t = 0?
e) How much energy (in millijoules) is stored in
t (s) the capacitor at t = q ?
0 2 4 6 8
6.18 The expressions for voltage, power, and energy
derived in Example 6.5 involved both integration
and manipulation of algebraic expressions. As an
engineer, you cannot accept such results on faith
6.15 The voltage across the terminals of a 5 mF capaci- alone. That is, you should develop the habit of ask-
tor is
PSPICE
ing yourself, “Do these results make sense in terms
MULTISIM

60 V, t … 0; of the known behavior of the circuit they purport to

v = b describe?” With these thoughts in mind, test the
(A1e-1500t + A2te-1500t ) V, t Ú 0.
expressions of Example 6.5 by performing the fol-
The initial current in the capacitor is 100 mA. lowing checks:
Assume the passive sign convention. a) Check the expressions to see whether the volt-
a) What is the initial energy stored in the capacitor? age is continuous in passing from one time inter-
b) Evaluate the coefficients A1 and A2. val to the next.
c) What is the expression for the capacitor current? b) Check the power expression in each interval
by selecting a time within the interval and see-
6.16 A 100 mF capacitor is subjected to a voltage pulse ing whether it gives the same result as the cor-
having a duration of 4 s. The pulse is described by responding product of v and i. For example,
the following equations: test at 10 and 30 ms.
c) Check the energy expression within each inter-
5t3 V, 0 … t … 2 s;
val by selecting a time within the interval and
vc(t) = -5(t - 4 )3 V, 2 s … t … 4 s;
L seeing whether the energy equation gives the
0 elsewhere. same result as 12 Cv2. Use 10 and 30 ms as test
points.
Sketch the current pulse that exists in the capacitor
during the 4 s interval. 6.19 The initial voltage on the 0.5 mF capacitor shown in
PSPICE Fig. P6.19(a) is - 20 V. The capacitor current has
6.17 The voltage at the terminals of the capacitor in MULTISIM
the waveform shown in Fig. P6.19(b).
Fig. 6.10 is known to be
PSPICE
MULTISIM a) How much energy, in microjoules, is stored in
60 V, t … 0; the capacitor at t = 500 ms?
v = b
30 + 5e-500t (6 cos 2000t + sin 2000 t ) V, t Ú 0. b) Repeat (a) for t = q .

Figure P6.19
i (mA)

50 50e⫺2000t mA, t ⱖ 0

0.5 mF
25

⫺20 V
⫹ v ⫺ t (ms)
0 100 200 300 400 500
i
(a) (b)
 Problems 207

6.20 The current shown in Fig. 6.20 is applied to a 2 mF Figure P6.22

PSPICE capacitor. The initial voltage on the capacitor is (a)
MULTISIM
zero. 12 mH
a) Find the charge on the capacitor at t = 6 ms.
24 mH 10 mH
b) Find the voltage on the capacitor at t = 10 ms. a
c) How much energy is stored in the capacitor by 20 mH 30 mH
this current? 9 mH 15 mH
8 mH
Figure P6.20 b
i (A)
(b)
25 mH 18 mH
5 a

60 mH 20 mH
30 mH 75 mH 12 mH
t (ms) 15 mH 38 mH
2 4 6 8 10 12
b

⫺5
6.23 Use realistic inductor values from Appendix H to
construct series and parallel combinations of induc-
tors to yield the equivalent inductances specified
below.Try to minimize the number of inductors used.
6.21 The rectangular-shaped current pulse shown in Assume that no initial energy is stored in any of the
PSPICE Fig. P6.21 is applied to a 0.1 mF capacitor. The inductors.
MULTISIM
initial voltage on the capacitor is a 15 V drop in a) 8 mH
the reference direction of the current. Derive the
expression for the capacitor voltage for the time b) 45 mH
intervals in (a)–(d). c) 180 mH
a) 0 … t … 10 ms;
6.24 The two parallel inductors in Fig. P6.24 are con-
b) 10 ms … t … 20 ms; nected across the terminals of a black box at t = 0.
c) 20 ms … t … 40 ms The resulting voltage v for t 7 0 is known to be
d) 40 ms … t 6 q 64e -4t V. It is also known that i1(0) = - 10 A and
i2(0) = 5 A.
e) Sketch v(t) over the interval -10 ms … t … 50 ms.
a) Replace the original inductors with an equiva-
Figure P6.21 lent inductor and find i(t) for t Ú 0.
i (mA) b) Find i1(t) for t Ú 0.
160 c) Find i2(t) for t Ú 0.
d) How much energy is delivered to the black box
100
in the time interval 0 … t 6 q ?
e) How much energy was initially stored in the par-
allel inductors?
t (ms)
0 10 20 30 40 f) How much energy is trapped in the ideal inductors?
⫺50 g) Show that your solutions for i1 and i2 agree with
the answer obtained in (f).

Figure P6.24
i(t)
Section 6.3
⫺
6.22 Assume that the initial energy stored in the t⫽0 Black
PSPICE inductors of Figs. P6.22(a) and (b) is zero. Find i1(t) 4 H i2(t) 16 H v
MULTISIM
box
the equivalent inductance with respect to the ⫹
terminals a, b.
208 Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

6.25 The three inductors in the circuit in Fig. P6.25 are con- 6.28 Use realistic capacitor values from Appendix H to
PSPICE nected across the terminals of a black box at t = 0. construct series and parallel combinations of capac-
MULTISIM
The resulting voltage for t 7 0 is known to be itors to yield the equivalent capacitances specified
below. Try to minimize the number of capacitors
vo = 2000e-100t V. used. Assume that no initial energy is stored in any
of the capacitors.
If i1(0) = -6 A and i2(0) = 1 A, find a) 480 pF
a) io(0); b) 600 nF
b) io(t), t Ú 0; c) 120 mF
c) i1(t), t Ú 0;
d) i2(t), t Ú 0; 6.29 Derive the equivalent circuit for a series connection
e) the initial energy stored in the three inductors; of ideal capacitors. Assume that each capacitor has
its own initial voltage. Denote these initial voltages
f) the total energy delivered to the black box; and
as v1(t0), v2(t0), and so on. (Hint: Sum the voltages
g) the energy trapped in the ideal inductors. across the string of capacitors, recognizing that the
series connection forces the current in each capaci-
Figure P6.25 tor to be the same.)

⫺ 6.30 Derive the equivalent circuit for a parallel connec-

tion of ideal capacitors. Assume that the initial volt-
t⫽0 age across the paralleled capacitors is v(t0). (Hint:
i1 1H i2 4H vo Black Sum the currents into the string of capacitors, rec-
box
ognizing that the parallel connection forces the
io voltage across each capacitor to be the same.)
⫹
3.2 H 6.31 The two series-connected capacitors in Fig. P6.31
are connected to the terminals of a black box at
6.26 For the circuit shown in Fig. P6.25, how many milli- t = 0 . The resulting current i(t) for t 7 0 is known
seconds after the switch is opened is the energy to be 800e-25t mA.
delivered to the black box 80% of the total energy a) Replace the original capacitors with an equiva-
delivered? lent capacitor and find vo(t) for t Ú 0.
b) Find v1(t) for t Ú 0.
6.27 Find the equivalent capacitance with respect to the c) Find v2(t) for t Ú 0.
terminals a, b for the circuits shown in Fig. P6.27.
d) How much energy is delivered to the black box
Figure P6.27 in the time interval 0 … t 6 q ?
20 nF 48 nF e) How much energy was initially stored in the
a series capacitors?
⫺ 40 V ⫹ ⫹ 30 V ⫺
⫹ f) How much energyis trapped inthe ideal capacitors?
8 nF 24 nF 10 V g) Show that the solutions for v1 and v2 agree with
4 nF
⫺ the answer obtained in (f).
10 nF 30 nF
b
Figure P6.31
⫹ 5V ⫺ ⫺ 20 V ⫹
i(t)
25 mH
⫺ ⫺ ⫺
t⫽0
+ 10 V – 5V 2 mF v1
5 mF + 5V – ⫹ ⫹
vo Black
– ⫹ ⫺ box
36 mV
24 mF 18 mF 2V 25 V 8 mF v2
30 mF 12 mF +
⫺ ⫹ ⫹

– 20 V + + 8V –
 Problems 209

Figure P6.35
6.32 The four capacitors in the circuit in Fig. P6.32 are con-
nected across the terminals of a black box at t = 0. 25 ⍀
The resulting current ib for t 7 0 is known to be
⫹ ⫹
ib = - 5e -50t mA.
v1 100 mF v2 50 mH
If va(0) = - 20 V, vc(0) = -30 V, and
io
vd(0) = 250 V, find the following for t Ú 0: (a) vb(t),
⫺ ⫺
(b) va(t), (c) vc(t), (d) vd(t), (e) i1(t), and (f) i2(t).

Figure P6.32
⫹ va ⫺
Section 6.4
ib
6.36 a) Show that the differential equations derived in (a)
5 mF ⫹ of Example 6.6 can be rearranged as follows:
t⫽0
⫺
di1 di2 dig
200 mF i1 vd i2 800 mF vb Black 4 + 25i1 - 8 - 20i2 = 5ig - 8 ;
box dt dt dt
⫹
⫺ vc ⫹ di1 di2 dig
⫺ -8 - 20i1 + 16 + 80i2 = 16 .
dt dt dt
1.25 mF
b) Show that the solutions for i1, and i2 given in
(b) of Example 6.6 satisfy the differential equa-
6.33 For the circuit in Fig. P6.32, calculate tions given in part (a) of this problem.
a) the initial energy stored in the capacitors;
6.37 Let vo represent the voltage across the 16 H induc-
b) the final energy stored in the capacitors;
tor in the circuit in Fig. 6.25. Assume vo is positive at
c) the total energy delivered to the black box; the dot. As in Example 6.6, ig = 16 - 16e-5t A.
d) the percentage of the initial energy stored that is a) Can you find vo without having to differentiate
delivered to the black box; and the expressions for the currents? Explain.
e) the time, in milliseconds, it takes to deliver b) Derive the expression for vo.
7.5 mJ to the black box.
c) Check your answer in (b) using the appropriate
current derivatives and inductances.
6.34 At t = 0, a series-connected capacitor and inductor
are placed across the terminals of a black box, as 6.38 Let vg represent the voltage across the current
shown in Fig. P6.34. For t 7 0, it is known that source in the circuit in Fig. 6.25. The reference for
vg is positive at the upper terminal of the current
io = 200e-800t - 40e-200t mA. source.
If vc(0) = 5 V find vo for t Ú 0. a) Find vg as a function of time when
ig = 16 - 16e-5t A.
b) What is the initial value of vg?
Figure P6.34
c) Find the expression for the power developed by
io
150 mH the current source.
⫹ ⫹ d) How much power is the current source develop-
t⫽0 Black ing when t is infinite?
vc 10 mF vo box
e) Calculate the power dissipated in each resistor
⫺ ⫺
when t is infinite.

6.39 There is no energy stored in the circuit in Fig. P6.39

at the time the switch is opened.
6.35 The current in the circuit in Fig. P6.35 is known to be
a) Derive the differential equation that governs
io = 2e-5000t(cos 1000t + 5 sin 1000t) A the behavior of i2 if L1 = 5 H, L2 = 0.2 H,
for t Ú 0+. Find v1(0+) and v2(0+). M = 0.5 H, and Ro = 10 Æ.
210 Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

b) Show that when ig = e-10t - 10 A, t Ú 0, the been given a polarity mark as shown. When the
differential equation derived in (a) is satisfied switch is opened, the dc voltmeter kicks down-
when i2 = 625e-10t - 250e-50t mA, t Ú 0. scale. Where should the polarity mark be placed
on the coil connected to the voltmeter?
c) Find the expression for the voltage v1 across the
current source.
Figure P6.42
d) What is the initial value of v1? Does this make
sense in terms of known circuit behavior? t⫽0
R
⫹ ⫹
Figure P6.39 dc
vBB
M voltmeter
⫹ ⫺
t⫽0 ⫺
ig v1 L1 L2 i2 Ro

⫺
6.43 The physical construction of four pairs of magneti-
cally coupled coils is shown in Fig. P6.43. (See
6.40 a) Show that the two coupled coils in Fig. P6.40 can page 211.) Assume that the magnetic flux is con-
be replaced by a single coil having an inductance fined to the core material in each structure. Show
of Lab = L1 + L2 + 2M. (Hint: Express vab as a two possible locations for the dot markings on each
function of iab.) pair of coils.
b) Show that if the connections to the terminals
of the coil labeled L2 are reversed, Section 6.5
Lab = L1 + L2 - 2M.
6.44 a) Starting with Eq. 6.59, show that the coefficient
Figure P6.40 of coupling can also be expressed as
M
f21 f12
a b k = ¢ ≤¢ ≤.
L1 L2 B f1 f2

b) On the basis of the fractions f21>f1 and f12>f2,

6.41 a) Show that the two magnetically coupled coils in
explain why k is less than 1.0.
Fig. P6.41 (see page 210) can be replaced by a
single coil having an inductance of
6.45 Two magnetically coupled coils have self-inductances
L1L2 - M2 of 60 mH and 9.6 mH, respectively.The mutual induc-
Lab = . tance between the coils is 22.8 mH.
L1 + L2 - 2M
a) What is the coefficient of coupling?
(Hint: Let i1 and i2 be clockwise mesh currents in b) For these two coils, what is the largest value that
the left and right “windows” of Fig. P6.41, respec- M can have?
tively. Sum the voltages around the two meshes.
c) Assume that the physical structure of these cou-
In mesh 1 let vab be the unspecified applied volt-
pled coils is such that p1 = p2. What is the turns
age. Solve for di1>dt as a function of vab.)
ratio N1>N2 if N1 is the number of turns on the
b) Show that if the magnetic polarity of coil 2 is 60 mH coil?
reversed, then
6.46 Two magnetically coupled coils are wound on a
L1L2 - M2 nonmagnetic core. The self-inductance of coil 1 is
Lab = .
L1 + L2 + 2M 288 mH, the mutual inductance is 90 mH, the coeffi-
cient of coupling is 0.75, and the physical structure
Figure P6.41
of the coils is such that p11 = p22.
a
a) Find L2 and the turns ratio N1>N2.
L1 M L2 b) If N1 = 1200, what is the value of p1 and p2?

b 6.47 The self-inductances of the coils in Fig. 6.30 are

L1 = 18 mH and L2 = 32 mH. If the coefficient of
6.42 The polarity markings on two coils are to be deter- coupling is 0.85, calculate the energy stored in the
mined experimentally. The experimental setup is system in millijoules when (a) i1 = 6 A, i2 = 9 A;
shown in Fig. P6.42. Assume that the terminal con- (b) i1 = -6 A, i2 = -9 A; (c) i1 = -6 A, i2 = 9 A;
nected to the positive terminal of the battery has and (d) i1 = 6 A, i2 = -9A.
 Problems 211

6.48 The coefficient of coupling in Problem 6.47 is (see Fig. 6.32[b]). What is the capacitance at
increased to 1.0. the touch point with respect to ground for the
x-grid and y-grid electrodes closest to the touch
a) If i1 equals 6 A, what value of i2 results in zero point?
stored energy?
b) Assume the mutual capacitance in the mutual-
b) Is there any physically realizable value of i2 that capacitance design, Cmxy = 30 pF, and the
can make the stored energy negative? capacitance introduced by a touch is 15 pF (see
Fig. 6.33[b]). What is the mutual capacitance
6.49 The self-inductances of two magnetically coupled between the x- and y-grid electrodes closest to
coils are 72 mH and 40.5 mH, respectively. The the touch point?
72 mH coil has 250 turns, and the coefficient of cou-
pling between the coils is 2⁄3 . The coupling medium is c) Compare your results in parts (a) and (b) – does
nonmagnetic. When coil 1 is excited with coil touching the screen increase or decrease the
2 open, the flux linking only coil 1 is 0.2 as large as the capacitance in these two different capacitive touch
flux linking coil 2. screen designs?
a) How many turns does coil 2 have? 6.53 a) As shown in the Practical Perspective, the self-
b) What is the value of p2 in nanowebers per capacitance design does not permit a true multi-
ampere? touch screen – if the screen is touched at two
c) What is the value of p11 in nanowebers per difference points, a total of four touch points are
ampere? identified, the two actual touch points and two
d) What is the ratio (f22>f12)? ghost points. If a self-capacitance touch screen is
touched at the x, y coordinates (2.1, 4.3) and
6.50 The self-inductances of two magnetically coupled coils (3.2, 2.5), what are the four touch locations that
are L1 = 180 mH and L2 = 500 mH. The coupling will be identified? (Assume the touch coordi-
medium is nonmagnetic. If coil 1 has 300 turns and nates are measured in inches from the upper left
coil 2 has 500 turns, find p11 and p21 (in nanowebers corner of the screen.)
per ampere) when the coefficient of coupling is 0.6. b) A self-capacitance touch screen can still func-
tion as a multi-touch screen for several common
Sections 6.1–6.5 gestures. For example, suppose at time t1 the two
touch points are those identified in part (a), and
6.51 Suppose a capacitive touch screen that uses the at time t2 four touch points associated with the
mutual-capacitance design, as shown in Fig. 6.33, is x, y coordinates (1.8, 4.9) and (3.9, 1.8) are iden-
touched at the point x, y. Determine the mutual capac- tified. Comparing the four points at t1 with the
itance at that point, C¿mxy, in terms of the mutual four points at t2, software can recognize a pinch
capacitance at the point without a touch, Cmxy, and the gesture – should the screen be zoomed in or
capacitance introduced by the touch, Ct. zoomed out?
6.52 a) Assume the parasitic capacitance in the self- c) Repeat part (b), assuming that at time t2 four touch
capacitance design, Cp = 30 pF, and the points associated with the x, y coordinates (2.8,
capacitance introduced by a touch is 15 pF 3.9) and (3.0, 2.8) are identified.