FORMULAE

Appendix - A

Derivatives of standard functions

n- (b)(ax + b)"= n (ax + b)" (a)

2a) ) =

a) ) - (b) )=()(a) ( ar+b) =(ax*b) a)

4. )-dloga
5. (a)
dr
(sin x)= cosx (b)sinar)(cosax)
()sin (ax + b)] =

[cos (ax + b)] (a)

6. (a)(cosx) sinx (b)cos ar)= (-sin ax) (a)

()cos (ax + b)] =

[- sin (ar + b)] (a)

7. (a) (tan x) = sec-x

(b)tan ax) (sec ax) (a)
=

dx
noiomul bnabnste lo almpslnt
( C ) t a n (ax + b)] = [sec (ar + b)] ( @ ) r

8. (a)
d
(cot.x)-cosec-x (b)(cot ax) =
I- cosec ax] (a)
( cot (ax + b)] =-cosce (ar + b)] (a)

9. (a)Secx)= secx tanx (b)sec ax] =

[sec ax tan ax] (a)

(C)sec (2x + b)]

=

[sec (ax + b) tan (ar+ b)] (a)

10. (a) (cosec.x)=-cosecx cot x (b) (cosec ax)=-cosec ar cot ax] (a)

(c)cosec (ar + b)]

=
[-cosec (ar + b) cot (ax + b)] (a)
(
1 1 . o g) = x0
12 og)- logax0
X

d (sin) 14.(cos)
dx
V1-
F.2 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
U cotx +?
15.an
17.secx end8coseex--
-1
19.sinhx = coshx 20. coshx = sinhx
dx
21. tanh x = sech x 22. Cothx=cosechx
d d
(0)5)
23 sechx =-sech x tanh x 24. cosechx=-cosechxcoth x
d coshx
25sinhA.5V1+Roe
26.

r y part o 1
27.tanh'x
dr (o 28 - dr coth -1
30.cosechr= 1
29.
sechx 1- xV+1

ppendix Gnul
Integrals of standard functions
(ar + b)*
1. (a) Sde =

T -1 1. (b) S (ax +b)" dr =

(n+ 1)4
+ )
dr log(ar +b)
2 (a) logx 2. (b)
(ax +b)
+)oa a

3 Se dr -

4.a de log a
5. (a) S sinx dr =
-cos.X (b) J sin ar dr= cos ar

(c) Jsin (ax +b) dr=-cos (a + b)

a

6. (a) Scos xdr sinx (b) J cos ax dr = sin ar

()J cos (ax +b) dr sin (ax + b)

a
7.
(a) Stan x dx log [sec.x] (b) S tan ar dr =log[secar
a
(C) Stan (ax +
b) de log [sec (ar + b)]
 FORMULAE
F.3
8. (a) Scot x de =
log sin x (b) Scot ax drlog sin ar

(c) J cot (ar + b) dr =log (sin (ar + b)]

9. (a) J seccx dr = log (sccx + tan x

(6) sec ax dr = log [sec ax + tan ax

(c) Ssec (ar + b) de - log lsec (ar + b) + tan (ar + b)

10. (a) Scosecxdr = log (cosecx- cotx] (or) -log [cosec.x + cotx]

(b) Scosecax d=log[cosecax cot ax] (or) log [cosec ar + cot ar]

(C)Scosec (ar +b) dr=log(cosec (ar + b)-cot (ar + b))

(or)log[cosec (ax +b) + cot (ax + b)]

11. s e c x dr = tan x 12. cosec x dr =-cotr

14. Jsecx tan x dr = secx
13. Jcosccxcotxde =cosecx

15. sinhx de = coshx 16. Jcosh x de = sinh x

17. Stanhx dr log coshx 18. Scothxr d = log sinhr

19. sech x tanhx dr = -sechx

20 sech-rdr =
tanhx

21. Scosech x coth x dr = - coscchx 22. Scosech x dr=-cothx

23. tan

25. Sin

26. Va- dr Va- sin1

2

21. +dx -
sinh(or) log x+ VF+a1
F.4 ENGINEERING MATHEMAT

dr
cosh(oo) log +VP
29. Va+r de-Va +r+log ( + V+a)

(or) 2

xV-a a
(or cosh
de=cosx (0
s1. dsinxo32.S- -
33. dttan pa34. d cot
35. 1 de = sec x 36. - 1dx=cosec

38. -de = coshx

d=Sinh x

39 dr tanh 40.
d coth
41. de sech 42 d r = cosech
xV1- +1
43 S sin bx dr a sin br -b cos bx]

44. cos bx dr a cos bx + b sin bx]

a+b
45 cos bx dr
a +b
6.
sin bx de
+b
47 de- 2
48.logx de =

x logx-x
FORMULAE F.5

xibrsqq
49. In S cos" 6d6 sin" 0d0
0
n-5
Ifn is odd I, =

n n-2n -4 sltok
Ifn is even In

50. sin"x cos" x de

0

- 1 m-3
n+n m +n-2 3+n 1+n
[if m is odd, n may be even or odd

- 1 m-3 1n-1n-3
m+n m +n-2 2+nnn-2
litesbl
if m is even, n is odd]

m-1 m-3 n1-

m +n m+n-2 2+nn n
if m is even, n 1s even

51. S f) de = 2
Sfe) dr, if f) is an even
functiont
if f ) is an odd function

52 s d = 2J f)ds, if f (24-1)=f) [even like function)

0

0 i ff(24-x) = - f ) [odd like function]

53. Ssdr+SfM =
Sf@, a<e<b

54. f) dr =-Js)d
55. Sudv =uv - Svdu

S6Juvdr = uv-u'v2 tu" vs-u" v4 t [Bernouli

Conditions apply the rule:
to op
) One of the factors u (or v) in the integrand should be a polynomial

(i) The remaining factor v (or u) should be integrable easily any number of
times.
F.6 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Appendix C
h
Trigonometry
I. Inter-relations:

1. sin6
2. cosec = 1
cOsec6 sin 6

3. cos6 Sec 4. sec Cos Pooaie

1 m
5. tan&
cot 6
6. cot 0=Ttan
cot
nm
bbo ai 1i
7, Sin
cos 6
tan . C0s
sin 6
Cot
II. Identities
bbo
1. sin6 +
cos 6 1 2. 1+ tan 0= sec 0 3. 1+cot0 =coscc 8
III. Radian measure 4SS-n+ m
tradians= 180

IV. Trigonometrie ratios for certain standard

angles -h (LL
30 GE/6) 45° (1/4) 60° (r/3)| 90° (E/2)
Sin 6 0

cos 6 1
0

tan 6 0
V3 co (infinity)

cot 6, sec6, cosec 6 are

respectively the reciprocals of tan 6, cos 6,
V. Allied angles sin
Trigonometrical ratios of 90 0, 180 0, 270 +0, 360 0
those of 6 can be in terms
found casily by the
rule. following rule known as A S
T
) When the angle is 90
0 or 270 0 the
Irom siue to cosine
and vice versa. Also
trigonometrical ratio change
tancot, seccoScC
(i) When the
angle is 180 + 0 or
3600 the
the same. 1.e., Sin
sin, cos cos, etc.
trigonometrical ratio remau
 F.7
FORMULAE
In cach the sign + or is pre multiplied by the A-S-T-C quadrant
(iil)
-

case

rule

All ratios are +ve in the

l t I qudaranti Y
S sin is tve in the II quadrant
II (90°-180) I (0-90)
tan is +ve in the IlI quadrant.
C
is +ve in the IV quadrant
11I (180-270) IV (270-360) C cos

Note: sin (-0)=sin6, cos (-8)= cos ,

sin(.27 +0)= sin 6, cos (n.2t +8)= cos
sin6
Example 1: sin (90-6)= cos 6, cos (90+0)= S09
sin (180-0)= sin 6, tan (180 +0)= tan 0 etc.

Example 2i sin (135°) = sin (90° + 45) =cos 45

tan(315)tan (270+ 45= -cot 45

-1

cos(225)- cos(180 +45) cos45

sin(750)= sin (2 360° +30)- sin 30 x etc.
o honos
alibonq otni vanoniib ne
VI. Compound angle formulae
sin B
alaS ie t3 (e

) sin (A +B) sin A cos B + cos A

sin (4 -B) - sinA cosB-cosAsinB s - Q i n e (u)
Gi) cos (A +B) =

cos A cos B sin Asin B

cOs(4-B) = cosA cos B +sin A sin B

tan A+ tan B
ii)tan(A + B) 1- tanA tan B
tan A-tan B enoltull siloogol
tan
(4-B) 1+tan A tan Bodw l l be e
VIL. Formulae to convert a product into sum or difference og pe
orbnulb
CGiw)sin4 cos B sin (4 +B) +sin (A - B)]
(V)or cos B sin A ola
cosAsin B = s i n (A +B)- sin (A-B)]. sin ( - 6 ) - sin 6
 F.8 ENGINEERING MATHEMA

(cos AcosB cos(4 +B) + cos (A -B)

(vi) sinA sin B cos (4- B)-cos (A +B)], cos (-8) = cos 6

VIII. Particular cases of formula () to (vi)

sin 2 4 2 sin A sinA 2 sin (A/2) cos (4/2)
cos A
cos24cosA sinA cosAcos (A/2) sin (A/2)
uibilg=/1-2 sinA =1-2 sin (A/2) 08)
= 2 cos A -1
2 cos (A/2)-1
=

1+ cos 2A = 2 cosA
( 1 t cos A 2 cos
2 nle
1-cos 24A = 2 sinA
1 cos A 2sin2) lgmia
sin 34 3 sin A-4 sin A anl 8nie(08) al
cos 34= 4 cosA -3 cos A

Sin 24 2tan A
1+ tan A Sin A=4tan (A2)
1+tan (A/2)
cos 24 tanA
1+ tan A cOsA 1-tan (A/2)
1+ tan (4/2)
IX. Formulae to convert a sum or
diference into
product.
(vi) sin C +
sin D 2sin cOs D ogu ba

(vii) sin C sin D 2 cossin ae

(ix) cos C
+cos D 2
C+D
cos cOs
x)cos C- cosD=-2 sin
X. Hyperbolie functions

We have
already said that 'e' whose
value is
the
exponential constant. Further, approximately 2.7 is
cale
Cxponential
if logey x
then y e is called he
function.
Hyperbolic functions as
function as below,. are defined internm of
exponcual
sinhx e
coshr te*
 F.9
FORMULAEAM 1
cosh x
Also, tanhx sinh&x cothx
cosh anhx sinhx

cosechx = o l bisbaa om
sechx coshxre sinhX n lo 2oulae e 90
93
XI. Important hyperbolic identities d - a
) coshx-sinhx=1 (i). 1-tanh x sechx =

cosechx(iv) coshx + sinhx cosh 2

=

(ii) cothx-1 =

(v) 2 sinh x coshx = sinh 2r t

functions
XII. Relationship between trigonometric and hyperbolic

We have, sin x

Now sin (ix)= -(-1) 2

) i
(i.c.,) sin (i)= i sinh x
sin(ix)=i,

Also, cos (ix)= Coshx (i.e.) cos (ix)=coshx

The following are some of the established standard limits.
XIII.
ho oiulo
n is any rational number.
() - na
eryob udtoeol ai ()s 16 b
Gi) ItSinx
x01
+
(1) tanx
X0

(iv) lt (1 +x) = e or

1+
(vi) It x/k=1
x0
F.10 ENGINEERING MATHEMAT

Appendix D des
1. Some standard forms of the Binomial Expansion
For all values of n, when | < 1, we have

taog
1(1+)" =
1++ ) 2 b latodoqd

2. - -
ita (i)
dkdaa (o
3 (1-x) r + " ( +1) 2
3
(1-) = 1+
n 21 ge o d ideroitalol
4. (1 +x) =
1-+ )2

5. (1-) 1+x ++
) ni wo
6. (1 +x) 1-x +-
7. (1-) 1+2x +3e + (03)
8 (1 +x)=1-2r +3r
9. (1 + x) 1 . 2 2.3 x + 34x-.)

I1. Resolution of Rational into partial fraction.

Case ) : Let P) be a proper fraction

[i.e., degree of P ) is lessthan degree of 2 )]

Type 1: Suppose, Q () is factorizable into non-repeated linear lactors
aX+ b, a2x t b2, a3x t+ ba

(i.e.) 2 ) = (a1x + bi) a2x +ba) (a3x + b3)

P) B C
2 ) a1x + b1 a 2 x t b2 agx + b3
where A , B, C are constants.

G-16+1)G + t
Type 2 :Suppose, Q ) contain a repeated linear factor of the form

(ax +b)

P () A
ar + b t A2 + Ar
) (ax + b) (ax +b) (ar +b)
FORMULAE AM DIR03/0M F.1

C
ensoths Example
5
contain function.
Type 3: Q) a non-repeated quadratic
ax +bx +c then

P(X Ax +B
) ax +bx +c

Example: x+3 Ax +B
+1) -3) +1 - 3
Type 4: 2 )contain a repeatcd quadratic factor (a +bx + c)

P) 4x +B A2x +B2
O a +bx +c (ax +bx + c)
lgnuoa
Case (ii): Let P) slutitae
) be
an
improper fraction

1.e, degree of P () is greater than or equal to degree of )]

In this case we can write biott
OG + where f ) is the quotient

(Integral function) and is a proper fraction.

II. Seven indeterminants are

2. 3. 0x c . 00

5 1 6 . co 7. 0
IV. 1. log, 1= 0 2. log a = 1

3. 00 Where a is any real number except zeroj

U
4 a
0 5. e
2.7183 (approx)
6. 7 log, 0 = - o (a> 1)
7
3.14 (approx)
8. log (un)= log m + logn

9. log m log n

10. log (m")= n

log m
F.12 ENGINEERING MATHEMATIC

S.No. Curve Cartesian equation Parametric equations

1 Parabola 1. y = 4ar x = at
2at
. x = 2at,
2. =4ay
y = at

Ellipse X a
cos 6,
y = b sin

x = a cos6,
Circle +=a
y =a sin 6
x = a sec 6,
4 Hyperbola
y =
b tan6

r = a sec6,
Rectangular 1 - y =a
hyperbola y atan
2. X Ct

6. Astroid 23+3= a3 nX a cos 6, n

=
a sin 6
3
Cycloid 1 x =a (0 + sin B)
y = a (1 - cos 6)

x = a (0 + sin 6)
y =a (1 + cos 6)
x = a (9-sin 6)

yEa(1-cos6)
x =a (0-sin6)
yEa(1 + cos 6)