CHM420

LABORATORY REPORT

EXPERIMENT 4 STOICHIOMETRY AND THEORETICAL YIELD

LAB INSTRUCTOR’S DR. AMIRAH AMALINA BINTI AHMAD TARMIZI

NAME

DATE OF EXPERIMENT 6 DISEMBER 2023

GROUP AS2391A

LABORATORY 1) AHMAD ZUHAIRI BIN AHMAD KAMAL SHAHRIM

PARTNER’S NAME 2) NORAMIRA MAISARAH BINTI ZAINAL
3) NUR FARHANA HANI BINTI SHARANI
4) NURUL AINA AFINA BINTI MOHD AZMI
Objective

The purpose of this experiment is to identify the limiting reactant, excess reactant and to
determine the percent yield.

Introduction

Stoichiometry is the science of measuring the quantitative proportions or mass ratios in which
chemical elements stand to one another. Given enough information, one can use stoichiometry
to calculate masses, moles, and percents within a chemical equation. A chemical equation is an
expression of a chemical process. The equation shows that the reactants react through some
process to form the products. Sometimes when reactions occur between two or more
substances, one reactant runs out before the other. The reactant that is completely consumed is
called limiting reactant, whereas unreacted reactants are called excess reactants. Often, it is
necessary to identify the limiting reactant in a problem

Amount of substances produced are called yields. The amounts calculated according to
stoichiometry are called theoretical yields whereas the experimental amounts are called actual
yields. The limiting reactants is the limiting factor for the theoretical yields of all products. The
actual yields are often expressed in percentage and are called percent yields. However, the
actual yield is always less because of incomplete reactions or loss. After the laboratory reaction
is complete, you will isolate and measure the amount of product, then compare the actual yield
to the theoretical yield to determine the percent yield:

Actual yield (gram) x 100% = percent yield

Theoretical yield (gram)

Steps to calculate theoretical yield:

1. Balance the reaction and determine the ratios of reactants to products.
2. Calculate the number of moles of each reactant used.
3. Determine which reactant is limiting.
4. Calculate the moles of the product expected if the yield were 100% based on the limiting
reactant.
5. Calculate the mass of product corresponding to the number of moles expected
(theoretical yield).
Chemicals and apparatus.

0.5 M CaCl2 Gravity filter set: Suction filtration set:

1.5 M Na2CO3 Filter paper Unfolded filter paper
Burette Funnel Buchner funnel
Conical flask Adapter
Watch glass Vacuum filter flask
Oven Rubber tube
Analytical balance

Procedure.

1. Volume of 0.5M CaCl2 and 1.5M Na2CO3 dispensed from the burette on the
students side bench into a clean conical flask. It would be nice to get as close as
possible to the recommended volume.

Reaction 0.4 M CaCl2 1.50 M Na2CO3

1 20.00mL 10.00mL

2 20.00mL 5.00mL

2. Initially, students might not observe a precipitate. The flask been swirled and left
it aside for five minutes to allow precipitation to completely form.
3. The product been sucked into a filter by using a Buchner funnel or gravity
quarters and a funnel been made. The filter paper is placed inside your glass
funnel. The solution poured into the center of the filter paper taking care not to let
it get above the level of the filter paper.
4. The sides of the conical washed with a small amount of distilled water and the
remaining product added to the filter paper. There would still be some white solid
inside the flask, however the time and effort involved in recouping this was not
worth it.
5. The filter paper was removed carefully and it was placed on pre-weighed watch
glass. The product dried in the oven for half an hour.
6. The product been scraped from the filter paper onto the watch glass. Students
tried and got as much as they can off without tearing or scraping off some of the
filter paper. The filter paper been discarded and the watchglass been returned
into the oven for a further ten minutes. The mass of the product been
determined. The mass of students’ product been reheated and redetermined at
least three times to complete dryness and/or until students got two weighings
that were within 0.02g of one another.
 7. The amount of CaCO3 obtained been compared with that expected. The limiting
reactant, excess reactant been identified and the percent yield been calculated.

Results.

Reactions

1 2

Mass of the product, g 0.9 0.62

(after 1st heating)

Mass of the product, g 0.69 0.62

(after 2nd heating, if
necessary)

Mass of the product, g

(after 3rd heating, if
necessary)

Mass of the product, g 0.9 0.62

Discussion

In reaction 1,

CaCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) → CaCO3 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)

With a volume of 20 mL of CaC12 and 10 mL of Na2CO3, and a concentration of 1.5M

CaCI2 and 0.5M Na2CO3. By multiplying the concentration by the volume, one can find
the number of moles of reactants that are present. In comparison to Na2CO3, which
has a mole of 0.015, CaC12 has a mole of 0.01. Using chemical equations, the mole
ratio of each reactant is found by comparing its mole count with that of the product
(CaCO3). According to the computation above, CaCI2 is referred to as the limiting
reactant in this reaction mixture because it restricts the amount of products (CaCO3)
that can form.

The quantity of products produced by a chemical reaction, assuming the reaction is

carried out completely, is known as the theoretical yield. While the actual yield is
0.9009g, the theoretical yield is 1.0009g. The product yield as a percentage is typically
computed to indicate the effectiveness of the preparation process. It is computed as the
theoretical yield multiplied by 100% and the experimental yield divided by the latter.
There is a 90.01% yield percentage. Since the actual yield is frequently lower than the
theoretical value, the percent yield is typically less than 100%. This results from lost
sample during recovery as well as partial or conflicting reactions.

In reaction 2,

CaCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) → CaCO3 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)

With a volume of 20 mL of CaCl2 and 5 mL of Na2CO3, and a concentration of 0.5 M

CaCl2 and 1.5 M Na2CO3. The quantity of reactants present is expressed in moles,
which are obtained by multiplying the volume and concentration. Whereas the number
of moles for Na2CO3 is 7.5×10-3 mol, the number of moles for CaCl2 is 0.01 mol. Using
chemical equations, the number of moles of each reactant and the product (CaCO3) are
compared to determine the mole ratio. According to the computation above, Na2CO3 is
referred to as the limiting reactant in this reaction mixture because it produces less of
the product (CaCO3) that forms.

The quantity of products produced by a chemical reaction is known as the theoretical

yield, and it is used to assess the efficiency of the reaction. Typically, the percentage
yield of the product is computed to indicate the effectiveness of the preparation process.
It is computed as the theoretical yield multiplied by 100% and the experimental yield
divided by the latter. The yield that we actually obtain is 0.4782g, whereas the
theoretical yield is 0.7507g. The yield as a percentage is therefore 63.70%. Yield
percentages are typically less than 100% because product loss happens frequently
during the purification or isolation processes.

The skewed result may be caused by a number of factors.Initially, the precipitate that
was allowed to dry might have gathered dust and interacted with other elements in the
atmosphere, causing it to weigh more than it ought to have. Because the solid is wet,
incomplete drying will also result in the addition of weigh. Furthermore, the weight of the
product would be added if the limiting reactant was not entirely broken down, which
would also effect the yield percentage.
Precautionary measures can be taken to prevent this issue. To start, this error could be
avoided by using the method of heating to a constant temperature. Furthermore, a
closed space is required for the wet filter sheets. In order to guarantee complete
decomposition of all the solid particles, the solutions must also be thoroughly mixed.
Next, obtain an accurate measurement by using the appropriate equipment

Conclusion

According to Reaction 1, sodium carbonate, or Na2CO3, is the excess reactant while calcium
chloride, or CaCl2, is the limiting reactant. At 90.01%, Reaction 1 has a percentage yield.
Reaction 2 yields calcium chloride (CaCl2) as the excess reactant and sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3) as the limiting reactant. 63.70% is Reaction 2's percentage yield.

Questions

1. For each of the two reactions:

(a) Write a balanced chemical equation.

CaCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) → CaCO3 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)

(b) Determine the limiting reactant

Reaction 1 Calcium chloride, CaCl2

Reaction 2 Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3

(c) Determine the theoretical yield

Reaction 1 Theoretical yield of CaCO3

= (0.01 mol)(100.09 gmol-1)

= 1.009 g
Reaction 2 Theoretical yield of CaCO3

= (7.5 x 10-3 mol)(100.09 gmol-1)

= 0.7507 g

(d) Determine the percent yield of the product

Reaction 1 Percentage yield

= 0.9009 g
———— x 100%
1.009 g

= 90.01%

Reaction 2 Percentage yield

= 0.4782 g
———— x 100%
0.7507 g

= 63.70%

2. Was the yield you obtained satisfactory? Justify your answer.

Yes because generally, less than 100% yields are obtained and there is always some
small loss. In reaction 1, the loss amount is 18.82% while in reaction 2, the loss amount
is 39.84%.