Frank Anderson, Sam B. Niles, Jr., and Theodore C.

Donald, Member, IEEE

Template for Preparation of Papers for IEEE Sponsored

Conferences & Symposia


Abstract—These instructions give you guidelines for The pull-down style menu is at the left of the Formatting
preparing papers for IEEE conferences. Use this document as Toolbar at the top of your Word window (for example, the
a template if you are using Microsoft Word 6.0 or later. style at this point in the document is “Text”). Highlight a
Otherwise, use this document as an instruction set. section that you want to designate with a certain style, then
Instructions about final paper and figure submissions in this
select the appropriate name on the style menu. The style
document are for IEEE journals; please use this document as
a “template” to prepare your manuscript. For submission will adjust your fonts and line spacing. Do not change the
guidelines, follow instructions on paper submission system as font sizes or line spacing to squeeze more text into a
well as the Conference website. Do not delete the blank line limited number of pages. Use italics for emphasis; do not
immediately above the abstract; it sets the footnote at the underline.
bottom of this column. To insert images in Word, position the cursor at the
insertion point and either use Insert | Picture | From File or
I. INTRODUCTION copy the image to the Windows clipboard and then Edit |

T HIS document is a template for Microsoft Word

versions 6.0 or later. If you are reading a paper version
of this document, please download the electronic file,
Paste Special | Picture (with “Float over text” unchecked).
IEEE will do the final formatting of your paper. If your
paper is intended for a conference, please observe the
ieeeconf_letter.dot (for letter sized paper: 8.5” x 11”) or conference page limits.
ieeeconf_A4.dot (for A4 sized paper: 210mm x 297mm)
and save to MS Word templates directory. The template to II.PROCEDURE FOR PAPER SUBMISSION
produce your conference paper is available at
www.paperplaza.net/support/support.html. To create your A. Review Stage
own document, from within MS Word, open a new Instructions about final paper and figure submissions
document using File | New then select ieeeconf_letter.dot in this document are for IEEE journals; please use this
(for letter sized paper) or ieeeconf_A4.dot (for A4 sized document as a “template” to prepare your manuscript.
paper). All instructions beyond this point are from IEEE. For submission guidelines, follow instructions on paper
Instructions about final paper and figure submissions in submission system as well as the Conference website.
this document are for IEEE journals; please use this Please check with your editor on whether to submit your
document as a “template” to prepare your manuscript. manuscript by hard copy or electronically for review. If
For submission guidelines, follow instructions on paper hard copy, submit photocopies such that only one column
submission system as well as the Conference website. appears per page. This will give your referees plenty of
If your paper is intended for a conference, please contact room to write comments. Send the number of copies
your conference editor concerning acceptable word specified by your editor (typically four). If submitted
processor formats for your particular conference. electronically, find out if your editor prefers submissions on
When you open ieeeconf_letter.doc or ieeeconf_A4.doc, disk or as e-mail attachments.
select “Page Layout” from the “View” menu in the menu If you want to submit your file with one column
bar (View | Page Layout), which allows you to see the electronically, please do the following:
footnotes. Then type over sections of the sample file, either --First, click on the View menu and choose Print
ieeeconf_letter.doc or ieeeconf_A4.doc or simply cut and Layout.
paste from another document and then use markup styles. --Second, place your cursor in the first paragraph. Go
to the Format menu, choose Columns, choose one column

This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Commerce Layout, and choose “apply to whole document” from the
under Grant BS123456 (sponsor and financial support acknowledgment dropdown menu.
goes here). Paper titles should be written in uppercase and lowercase letters, --Third, click and drag the right margin bar to just
not all uppercase. Avoid writing long formulas with subscripts in the title;
short formulas that identify the elements are fine (e.g., "Nd–Fe–B"). Do not over 4 inches in width.
write "(Invited)" in the title. Full names of authors are preferred in the The graphics will stay in the “second” column, but you can
author field, but are not required. Put a space between authors' initials.
F. Anderson is with the National Institute of Standards and Technology,
drag them to the first column. Make the graphic wider to
Boulder, CO 80305 USA (corresponding author to provide phone: 303-555- push out any text that may try to fill in next to the graphic.
5555; fax: 303-555-5555; e-mail: author@ boulder.nist.gov).
S. B. Niles, Jr., was with Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA. He B. Final Stage
is now with the Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO 80523 USA (e-mail: author@lamar. colostate.edu).
Instructions about final paper and figure submissions
T. C. Donald is with the Electrical Engineering Department, University in this document are for IEEE journals; please use this
of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA, on leave from the National Research document as a “template” to prepare your manuscript.
Institute for Metals, Tsukuba, Japan (e-mail: author@nrim.go.jp).
For submission guidelines, follow instructions on paper D. Electronic Image Files (Optional)
submission system as well as the Conference website. You will have the greatest control over the appearance of
When you submit your final version, after your paper has your figures if you are able to prepare electronic image
been accepted, print it in two-column format, including files. If you do not have the required computer skills, just
figures and tables. Send three prints of the paper; two will submit paper prints as described above and skip this
go to IEEE and one will be retained by the Editor-in-Chief section.
or conference publications chair. 1) Easiest Way: If you have a scanner, the best and
You must also send your final manuscript on a disk, quickest way to prepare non-color figure files is to print
which IEEE will use to prepare your paper for publication. your tables and figures on paper exactly as you want them
Write the authors’ names on the disk label. If you are using to appear, scan them, and then save them to a file in
a Macintosh, please save your file on a PC formatted disk, PostScript (PS) or Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) formats.
if possible. You may use Zip or CD-ROM disks for large Use a separate file for each image. File names should be of
files, or compress files using Compress, Pkzip, Stuffit, or the form “fig1.ps” or “fig2.eps.”
Gzip. 2) Slightly Harder Way: Using a scanner as above, save
Also send a sheet of paper with complete contact the images in TIFF format. High-contrast line figures and
information for all authors. Include full mailing addresses, tables should be prepared with 600 dpi resolution and saved
telephone numbers, fax numbers, and e-mail addresses. with no compression, 1 bit per pixel (monochrome), with
This information will be used to send each author a file names of the form “fig3.tif” or “table1.tif.” To obtain a
complimentary copy of the journal in which the paper 3.45-in figure (one-column width) at 600 dpi, the figure
appears. In addition, designate one author as the requires a horizontal size of 2070 pixels. Typical file sizes
“corresponding author.” This is the author to whom proofs will be on the order of 0.5 MB.
Photographs and grayscale figures should be prepared
with 220 dpi resolution and saved with no compression, 8
bits per pixel (grayscale). To obtain a 3.45-in figure (one-
column width) at 220 dpi, the figure should have a
horizontal size of 759 pixels.
Color figures should be prepared with 400 dpi resolution
and saved with no compression, 8 bits per pixel (palette or
256 color). To obtain a 3.45-in figure (one column width)
at 400 dpi, the figure should have a horizontal size of 1380
pixels.

For more information on TIFF files, please go to

http://www.ieee.org/organizations/pubs/transactions/inform
ation.htm and click on the link “Guidelines for Author
Supplied Electronic Text and Graphics.”
Fig. 1. Magnetization as a function of applied field. Note that “Fig.”
is abbreviated. There is a period after the figure number, followed by 3) Somewhat Harder Way: If you do not have a scanner,
two spaces. It is good practice to explain the significance of the figure you may create non-color PostScript figures by “printing”
in the caption.
them to files. First, download a PostScript printer driver
of the paper will be sent. Proofs are sent to the from
corresponding author only. http://www.adobe.com/support/downloads/pdrvwin.htm
(for Windows) or from
C. Figures http://www.adobe.com/support/downloads/pdrvmac.htm
All tables and figures will be processed as images. (for Macintosh) and install the “Generic PostScript Printer”
However, IEEE cannot extract the tables and figures definition. In Word, paste your figure into a new document.
embedded in your document. (The figures and tables you Print to a file using the PostScript printer driver. File names
insert in your document are only to help you gauge the size should be of the form “fig5.ps.” Use Adobe Type 1 fonts
of your paper, for the convenience of the referees, and to when creating your figures, if possible.
make it easy for you to distribute preprints.) Therefore, 4) Other Ways: Experienced computer users can convert
submit, on separate sheets of paper, enlarged versions of figures and tables from their original format to TIFF. Some
the tables and figures that appear in your document. useful image converters are Adobe Photoshop, Corel Draw,
These are the images IEEE will scan and publish with your and Microsoft Photo Editor, an application that is part of
paper. Microsoft Office 97 and Office 2000 (look for C:\Program
Files\Common Files \Microsoft Shared\ PhotoEd\
PHOTOED.EXE. (You may have to custom-install Photo
Editor from your original Office disk.)
 Here is a way to make TIFF image files of tables. First, TABLE I
UNITS FOR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
create your table in Word. Use horizontal lines but no
Conversion from Gaussian
vertical lines. Hide gridlines (Table | Hide Gridlines). Spell Symbol Quantity and
check the table to remove any red underlines that indicate CGS EMU to SI a
spelling errors. Adjust magnification (View | Zoom) such  magnetic flux 1 Mx  108 Wb = 108 V·s
B magnetic flux density, 1 G  104 T = 104 Wb/m2
that you can view the entire table at maximum area when magnetic induction
you select View | Full Screen. Move the cursor so that it is H magnetic field strength 1 Oe  103/(4) A/m
out of the way. Press “Print Screen” on your keyboard; this m magnetic moment 1 erg/G = 1 emu
 103 A·m2 = 103 J/T
copies the screen image to the Windows clipboard. Open M magnetization 1 erg/(G·cm3) = 1 emu/cm3
Microsoft Photo Editor and click Edit | Paste as New  103 A/m
4M magnetization 1 G  103/(4) A/m
Image. Crop the table image (click Select button; select the  specific magnetization 1 erg/(G·g) = 1 emu/g  1
part you want, then Image | Crop). Adjust the properties of A·m2/kg
the image (File | Properties) to monochrome (1 bit) and 600 j magnetic dipole 1 erg/G = 1 emu
moment  4  1010 Wb·m
pixels per inch. Resize the image (Image | Resize) to a J magnetic polarization 1 erg/(G·cm3) = 1 emu/cm3
width of 3.45 inches. Save the file (File | Save As) in TIFF  4  104 T
with no compression (click “More” button). ,  susceptibility 1  4
 mass susceptibility 1 cm3/g  4  103 m3/kg
Most graphing programs allow you to save graphs in  permeability 1  4  107 H/m
TIFF; however, you often have no control over = 4  107 Wb/(A·m)
compression or number of bits per pixel. You should open r relative permeability   r
w, W energy density 1 erg/cm3  101 J/m3
these image files in a program such as Microsoft Photo N, D demagnetizing factor 1  1/(4)
Editor and re-save them using no compression, either 1 or 8
No vertical lines in table. Statements that serve as captions for the
bits, and either 600 or 220 dpi resolution (File | Properties; entire table do not need footnote letters.
Image | Resize). See Section II-D2 for an explanation of a
Gaussian units are the same as cgs emu for magnetostatics; Mx =
number of bits and resolution. If your graphing program maxwell, G = gauss, Oe = oersted; Wb = weber, V = volt, s = second,
T = tesla, m = meter, A = ampere, J = joule, kg = kilogram, H = henry.
cannot export to TIFF, you can use the same technique
described for tables in the previous paragraph.
A way to convert a figure from Windows Metafile for equations in your paper (Insert | Object | Create New |
(WMF) to TIFF is to paste it into Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Equation or MathType Equation). “Float over
save it in JPG format, open it with Microsoft Photo Editor text” should not be selected.
or similar converter, and re-save it as TIFF.
Microsoft Excel allows you to save spreadsheet charts in IV. UNITS
Graphics Interchange Format (GIF). To get good resolution,
make the Excel charts very large. Then use the “Save as Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units
are strongly encouraged.) English units may be used as
HTML” feature (see http://support.microsoft.com/support/ secondary units (in parentheses). This applies to papers in
kb/articles/q158/0/79.asp). You can then convert from GIF data storage. For example, write “15 Gb/cm 2 (100
to TIFF using Microsoft Photo Editor, for example. Gb/in2).” An exception is when English units are used as
No matter how you convert your images, it is a good idea identifiers in trade, such as “3½ in disk drive.” Avoid
to print the TIFF files to make sure nothing was lost in the combining SI and CGS units, such as current in amperes
conversion. and magnetic field in oersteds. This often leads to
If you modify this document for use with other IEEE confusion because equations do not balance dimensionally.
journals or conferences, you should save it as type “Word If you must use mixed units, clearly state the units for each
97-2000 & 6.0/95 - RTF (*.doc)” so that it can be opened quantity in an equation.
by any version of Word. The SI unit for magnetic field strength H is A/m.
However, if you wish to use units of T, either refer to
E. Copyright Form magnetic flux density B or magnetic field strength
An IEEE copyright form should accompany your final symbolized as µ0H. Use the center dot to separate
submission. These will be custom generated for you at the compound units, e.g., “A·m 2.”
submission time. Authors are responsible for obtaining any
security clearances. V. HELPFUL HINTS

A. Figures and Tables

Instructions about final paper and figure submissions
III. MATH in this document are for IEEE journals; please use this
If you are using Word, use either the Microsoft Equation document as a “template” to prepare your manuscript.
Editor or the MathType add-on (http://www.mathtype.com) For submission guidelines, follow instructions on paper
submission system as well as the Conference website. column in which it is cited; do not put footnotes in the
Because IEEE will do the final formatting of your paper, reference list (endnotes). Use letters for table footnotes (see
you do not need to position figures and tables at the top and Table I).
bottom of each column. In fact, all figures, figure captions, Please note that the references at the end of this
and tables can be at the end of the paper. Large figures and document are in the preferred referencing style. Give all
tables may span both columns. Place figure captions below authors’ names; do not use “et al.” unless there are six
the figures; place table titles above the tables. If your figure authors or more. Use a space after authors' initials. Papers
has two parts, include the labels “(a)” and “(b)” as part of that have not been published should be cited as
the artwork. Please verify that the figures and tables you “unpublished” [4]. Papers that have been submitted for
mention in the text actually exist. Please do not include publication should be cited as “submitted for publication”
captions as part of the figures. Do not put captions in [5]. Papers that have been accepted for publication, but not
“text boxes” linked to the figures. Do not put borders yet specified for an issue should be cited as “to be
around the outside of your figures. Use the abbreviation published” [6]. Please give affiliations and addresses for
“Fig.” even at the beginning of a sentence. Do not private communications [7].
abbreviate “Table.” Tables are numbered with Roman Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for
numerals. proper nouns and element symbols. If you are short of
Color printing of figures is available, but is billed to the space, you may omit paper titles. However, paper titles are
authors (approximately $1300, depending on the number of helpful to your readers and are strongly recommended. For
figures and number of pages containing color). Include a papers published in translation journals, please give the
note with your final paper indicating that you request color English citation first, followed by the original foreign-
printing. Do not use color unless it is necessary for the language citation [8].
proper interpretation of your figures. If you want
C. Abbreviations and Acronyms
reprints of your color article, the reprint order should be
submitted promptly. There is an additional charge of $81 Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are
per 100 for color reprints. used in the text, even after they have already been defined
Figure axis labels are often a source of confusion. Use in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, ac, and dc
words rather than symbols. As an example, write the do not have to be defined. Abbreviations that incorporate
quantity “Magnetization,” or “Magnetization M,” not just periods should not have spaces: write “C.N.R.S.,” not “C.
“M.” Put units in parentheses. Do not label axes only with N. R. S.” Do not use abbreviations in the title unless they
units. As in Fig. 1, for example, write “Magnetization are unavoidable (for example, “IEEE” in the title of this
(A/m)” or “Magnetization (A m1),” not just “A/m.” Do article).
not label axes with a ratio of quantities and units. For D. Equations
example, write “Temperature (K),” not “Temperature/K.” Number equations consecutively with equation numbers
Multipliers can be especially confusing. Write in parentheses flush with the right margin, as in (1). First
“Magnetization (kA/m)” or “Magnetization (10 3 A/m).” Do use the equation editor to create the equation. Then select
not write “Magnetization (A/m)  1000” because the the “Equation” markup style. Press the tab key and write
reader would not know whether the top axis label in Fig. 1 the equation number in parentheses. To make your
meant 16000 A/m or 0.016 A/m. Figure labels should be equations more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the
legible, approximately 8 to 12 point type. exp function, or appropriate exponents. Use parentheses to
B. References avoid ambiguities in denominators. Punctuate equations
when they are part of a sentence, as in
Number citations consecutively in square brackets [1].
The sentence punctuation follows the brackets [2]. Multiple
references [2], [3] are each numbered with separate
brackets [1]–[3]. When citing a section in a book, please
give the relevant page numbers [2]. In sentences, refer
simply to the reference number, as in [3]. Do not use “Ref.
(1)
[3]” or “reference [3]” except at the beginning of a
sentence: “Reference [3] shows ... .” Unfortunately the Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been
IEEE document translator cannot handle automatic defined before the equation appears or immediately
endnotes in Word; therefore, type the reference list at the following. Italicize symbols (T might refer to temperature,
end of the paper using the “References” style. but T is the unit tesla). Refer to “(1),” not “Eq. (1)” or
Number footnotes separately in superscripts (Insert | “equation (1),” except at the beginning of a sentence:
Footnote).1 Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the “Equation (1) is ... .”
1
It is recommended that footnotes be avoided (except for the
unnumbered footnote with the receipt date on the first page). Instead, try to
integrate the footnote information into the text.
 E. Other Recommendations is no period after the “et” in the Latin abbreviation “et al.”
Use one space after periods and colons. Hyphenate (it is also italicized). The abbreviation “i.e.,” means “that
complex modifiers: “zero-field-cooled magnetization.” is,” and the abbreviation “e.g.,” means “for example”
Avoid dangling participles, such as, “Using (1), the (these abbreviations are not italicized).
potential was calculated.” [It is not clear who or what used An excellent style manual and source of information for
(1).] Write instead, “The potential was calculated by using science writers is [9]. A general IEEE style guide,
(1),” or “Using (1), we calculated the potential.” Information for Authors, is available at
Use a zero before decimal points: “0.25,” not “.25.” Use http://www.ieee.org/organizations/pubs/transactions/inform
“cm3,” not “cc.” Indicate sample dimensions as “0.1 cm  ation.htm
0.2 cm,” not “0.1  0.2 cm2.” The abbreviation for
“seconds” is “s,” not “sec.” Do not mix complete spellings VII. EDITORIAL POLICY
and abbreviations of units: use “Wb/m 2” or “webers per Submission of a manuscript is not required for
square meter,” not “webers/m 2.” When expressing a range participation in a conference. Do not submit a reworked
of values, write “7 to 9” or “7-9,” not “7~9.” version of a paper you have submitted or published
A parenthetical statement at the end of a sentence is elsewhere. Do not publish “preliminary” data or results.
punctuated outside of the closing parenthesis (like this). (A The submitting author is responsible for obtaining
parenthetical sentence is punctuated within the agreement of all coauthors and any consent required from
parentheses.) In American English, periods and commas are sponsors before submitting a paper. IEEE T RANSACTIONS
within quotation marks, like “this period.” Other and JOURNALS strongly discourage courtesy authorship. It is
punctuation is “outside”! Avoid contractions; for example, the obligation of the authors to cite relevant prior work.
write “do not” instead of “don’t.” The serial comma is The Transactions and Journals Department does not
preferred: “A, B, and C” instead of “A, B and C.” publish conference records or proceedings. The
If you wish, you may write in the first person singular or TRANSACTIONS does publish papers related to conferences
plural and use the active voice (“I observed that ...” or “We that have been recommended for publication on the basis of
observed that ...” instead of “It was observed that ...”). peer review. As a matter of convenience and service to the
Remember to check spelling. If your native language is not technical community, these topical papers are collected and
English, please get a native English-speaking colleague to published in one issue of the TRANSACTIONS.
proofread your paper. At least two reviews are required for every paper
submitted. For conference-related papers, the decision to
VI. SOME COMMON MISTAKES accept or reject a paper is made by the conference editors
The word “data” is plural, not singular. The subscript for and publications committee; the recommendations of the
the permeability of vacuum µ 0 is zero, not a lowercase referees are advisory only. Undecipherable English is a
letter “o.” The term for residual magnetization is valid reason for rejection. Authors of rejected papers may
“remanence”; the adjective is “remanent”; do not write revise and resubmit them to the T RANSACTIONS as regular
“remnance” or “remnant.” Use the word “micrometer” papers, whereupon they will be reviewed by two new
instead of “micron.” A graph within a graph is an “inset,” referees.
not an “insert.” The word “alternatively” is preferred to the
word “alternately” (unless you really mean something that VIII.PUBLICATION PRINCIPLES
alternates). Use the word “whereas” instead of “while” The contents of IEEE T RANSACTIONS and JOURNALS are
(unless you are referring to simultaneous events). Do not peer-reviewed and archival. The T RANSACTIONS publishes
use the word “essentially” to mean “approximately” or scholarly articles of archival value as well as tutorial
“effectively.” Do not use the word “issue” as a euphemism expositions and critical reviews of classical subjects and
for “problem.” When compositions are not specified, topics of current interest.
separate chemical symbols by en-dashes; for example, Authors should consider the following points:
“NiMn” indicates the intermetallic compound Ni 0.5Mn0.5 1) Technical papers submitted for publication must
whereas “Ni–Mn” indicates an alloy of some composition advance the state of knowledge and must cite relevant
NixMn1-x. prior work.
Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones 2) The length of a submitted paper should be
“affect” (usually a verb) and “effect” (usually a noun), commensurate with the importance, or appropriate to
“complement” and “compliment,” “discreet” and the complexity, of the work. For example, an obvious
“discrete,” “principal” (e.g., “principal investigator”) and extension of previously published work might not be
“principle” (e.g., “principle of measurement”). Do not appropriate for publication or might be adequately
confuse “imply” and “infer.” treated in just a few pages.
Prefixes such as “non,” “sub,” “micro,” “multi,” and 3) Authors must convince both peer reviewers and the
“"ultra” are not independent words; they should be joined editors of the scientific and technical merit of a paper;
to the words they modify, usually without a hyphen. There the standards of proof are higher when extraordinary or
 unexpected results are reported. vol. 2, Aug. 1987, pp. 740–741 [Dig. 9th Annu. Conf. Magnetics Japan,
1982, p. 301].
4) Because replication is required for scientific progress, [9] M. Young, The Techincal Writers Handbook. Mill Valley, CA:
papers submitted for publication must provide University Science, 1989.
sufficient information to allow readers to perform [10] J. U. Duncombe, “Infrared navigation—Part I: An assessment of
feasibility (Periodical style),” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-
similar experiments or calculations and use the 11, pp. 34–39, Jan. 1959.
reported results. Although not everything need be [11] S. Chen, B. Mulgrew, and P. M. Grant, “A clustering technique for
disclosed, a paper must contain new, useable, and fully digital communications channel equalization using radial basis
function networks,” IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, vol. 4, pp. 570–
described information. For example, a specimen's 578, July 1993.
chemical composition need not be reported if the main [12] R. W. Lucky, “Automatic equalization for digital communication,”
Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 547–588, Apr. 1965.
purpose of a paper is to introduce a new measurement [13] S. P. Bingulac, “On the compatibility of adaptive controllers
technique. Authors should expect to be challenged by (Published Conference Proceedings style),” in Proc. 4th Annu.
reviewers if the results are not supported by adequate Allerton Conf. Circuits and Systems Theory, New York, 1994, pp. 8–
16.
data and critical details. [14] G. R. Faulhaber, “Design of service systems with priority
5) Papers that describe ongoing work or announce the reservation,” in Conf. Rec. 1995 IEEE Int. Conf. Communications, pp.
latest technical achievement, which are suitable for 3–8.
[15] W. D. Doyle, “Magnetization reversal in films with biaxial
presentation at a professional conference, may not be anisotropy,” in 1987 Proc. INTERMAG Conf., pp. 2.2-1–2.2-6.
appropriate for publication in a T RANSACTIONS or [16] G. W. Juette and L. E. Zeffanella, “Radio noise currents n short
JOURNAL. sections on bundle conductors (Presented Conference Paper style),”
presented at the IEEE Summer power Meeting, Dallas, TX, June 22–
27, 1990, Paper 90 SM 690-0 PWRS.
IX. CONCLUSION [17] J. G. Kreifeldt, “An analysis of surface-detected EMG as an
amplitude-modulated noise,” presented at the 1989 Int. Conf.
A conclusion section is not required. Although a Medicine and Biological Engineering, Chicago, IL.
conclusion may review the main points of the paper, do not [18] J. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer (Thesis or Dissertation style),”
Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA,
replicate the abstract as the conclusion. A conclusion might 1993.
elaborate on the importance of the work or suggest [19] N. Kawasaki, “Parametric study of thermal and chemical
applications and extensions. nonequilibrium nozzle flow,” M.S. thesis, Dept. Electron. Eng., Osaka
Univ., Osaka, Japan, 1993.
[20] J. P. Wilkinson, “Nonlinear resonant circuit devices (Patent style),”
APPENDIX U.S. Patent 3 624 12, July 16, 1990.
[21] IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems (Standards style), IEEE
Appendixes, if needed, appear before the acknowledg- Standard 308, 1969.
ment. [22] Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI Standard Y10.5-1968.
[23] R. E. Haskell and C. T. Case, “Transient signal propagation in lossless
isotropic plasmas (Report style),” USAF Cambridge Res. Lab.,
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Cambridge, MA Rep. ARCRL-66-234 (II), 1994, vol. 2.
[24] E. E. Reber, R. L. Michell, and C. J. Carter, “Oxygen absorption in the
The preferred spelling of the word “acknowledgment” in Earth’s atmosphere,” Aerospace Corp., Los Angeles, CA, Tech. Rep.
American English is without an “e” after the “g.” Use the TR-0200 (420-46)-3, Nov. 1988.
singular heading even if you have many acknowledgments. [25] (Handbook style) Transmission Systems for Communications, 3rd ed.,
Western Electric Co., Winston-Salem, NC, 1985, pp. 44–60. Motorola
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