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Session-12_Algebra-II (2)

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24 views7 pages

Session-12_Algebra-II (2)

12de

Uploaded by

ARIF K F
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ALGEBRA-II THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF CERTAIN CONSTRUCTIONS SESSION-12

The impossibility of certain constructions


(1) Show that it is impossible, by straight edge and compass alone to
trisect 600 .

Solution: An angle Ѳ is said to be constructible, if a segment of length


|cosѲ| is constructible.

1
Since a segment of length |cos600 | = is constructible, it follows
2

that 600 is a constructible angle. {cosine function is taken because


cos600 is a rational number, which is constructible}

Now, to trisect an angle 600 is same as to construct an angle of 200


and the same is equivalent to construct a segment of length |cos200 |
i.e., cos200 .
{just cos200 is taken because cosine is positive in the I quadrant}
Let us consider the identity
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝜽 = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽 − 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

Put 𝜃 = 200

𝑐𝑜𝑠600 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 200 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠200

1
⟹ = 4𝛼 3 − 3𝛼 where 𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠200
2

Dr.T.G.Sudha, Nrupathunga University, Bangalore-560001. 1


ALGEBRA-II THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF CERTAIN CONSTRUCTIONS SESSION-12

⟹ 1 = 8𝛼 3 − 6𝛼

⟹ 8𝛼 3 − 6𝛼 − 1 = 0

Thus, 𝛼 is the zero(or root) of the irreducible polynomial

8𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 − 1 of degree 3 over the field Q of rational numbers.

∴[𝑄(𝛼): 𝑄] = 3 ≠ 2𝑟 , for any non-negative integer 𝑟.

⟹A segment of length 𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠200 is not constructible.

⟹ A segment of length 𝛼 = 200 is not constructible.

⟹ Thus, it is impossible to trisect 600 by straight edge and compass.

(2) Show that it is impossible by straight edge and compass alone to


duplicate a cube.

Solution: Duplicating a cube is to construct a cube whose volume is


twice that of a given cube.

Without loss of generality, we may consider a cube having a side of


unit length and therefore of unit volume.

Volume=1 Volume=2

Dr.T.G.Sudha, Nrupathunga University, Bangalore-560001. 2


ALGEBRA-II THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF CERTAIN CONSTRUCTIONS SESSION-12

Now, we shall show that it is not possible with straight edge and
compass to construct the side of a cube whose volume it 2 units. i.e.,
to construct a segment of length 𝛼 units ∋ 𝛼 3 = 2

⟹ 𝛼3 − 2 = 0
3
⟹ 𝛼 = √2 is a zero of the irreducible polynomial 𝑥 3 − 2 of degree
3 over the field Q of all rational numbers.

∴[𝑄(𝛼): 𝑄] = 3 ≠ 2𝑟 , for any non-negative integer 𝑟.


3
So, it is not possible to construct a length 𝛼 = √2 and hence the
result.

(3) Show that it is impossible to square a circle by straight edge and


compass alone.

Solution: Squaring a circle is to construct a square whose area is


equal to the area of the given circle.

Without loss of generality, we may consider a circle of unit


radius and therefore of area 𝜋.

Area= 𝜋 𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Dr.T.G.Sudha, Nrupathunga University, Bangalore-560001. 3


ALGEBRA-II THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF CERTAIN CONSTRUCTIONS SESSION-12

We shall show that, it is impossible to construct a segment of


length 𝛼 such that 𝛼 2 = 𝜋

𝛼2 − 𝜋 = 0

But 𝜋 being transcendental over Q

⟹ √ 𝜋 is also transcendental over Q

∴[𝑄(𝜋): 𝑄] is infinite

𝛼 = √ 𝜋 is not constructible and hence the result.

(4) Prove or disprove that a regular pentagon is constructible.

Solution: We know that each exterior angle of a regular pentagon is


2𝜋𝑐
= 72𝑜
5

72𝑜

So, a regular pentagon will be constructible, if it is possible to


2𝜋𝑐
construct a segment of length 𝛼 = cos ( ).
5

2𝜋𝑐
𝐵𝑢𝑡, 𝛼 = cos ( )
5

Dr.T.G.Sudha, Nrupathunga University, Bangalore-560001. 4


ALGEBRA-II THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF CERTAIN CONSTRUCTIONS SESSION-12

= cos(72𝑜 )

= cos(90o − 18o )

−1+√5
= sin18o =
4

But √ 5 = √22 +12 is constructible.

−1+√5
⟹ is also constructible.
4

Hence, a regular pentagon is constructible.

(5) Show that a regular Hexagon is constructible.

Solution: We know that each exterior angle of a regular Hexagon is


2𝜋𝑐
= 60𝑜
6

60𝑜
So, a regular hexagon will be constructible, if it is possible to
2𝜋𝑐
construct a segment of length 𝛼 = cos ( ).
6

2𝜋𝑐 1
But, 𝛼 = cos ( ) = cos(60𝑜 ) = .
6 2

Dr.T.G.Sudha, Nrupathunga University, Bangalore-560001. 5


ALGEBRA-II THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF CERTAIN CONSTRUCTIONS SESSION-12

1
Clearly constructible.
2

Hence, a regular Hexagon is constructible.

(5) Show that a regular Heptagon is not constructible by straight


edge and compass alone.

Solution: We know that each exterior angle of a regular Heptagon is


2𝜋𝑐
.
7

2𝜋𝑐
7

So, a regular heptagon will be constructible, if it is possible to


2𝜋𝑐
construct a segment of length 𝛼 = cos ( )
7

2𝜋𝑐
Let =𝜃
7

⟹7 𝜃 = 2𝜋

⟹4 𝜃 = 2𝜋 − 3𝜃

⟹ sin4𝜃 = sin(2𝜋 − 3𝜃)

⟹ sin4𝜃 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃

Dr.T.G.Sudha, Nrupathunga University, Bangalore-560001. 6


ALGEBRA-II THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF CERTAIN CONSTRUCTIONS SESSION-12

⟹ 2sin2𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 = 0

⟹ 2(2sin𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )(2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1) + (3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 ) = 0

⟹ 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1) + 3 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 0 {dividing by sin𝜃}

⟹ 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1) + 3 − 4(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) = 0

⟹ 8𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 1 = 0

Put 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑥.

∴8𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 1 = 0

Put 2𝑥 = 𝑦

2𝜋𝑐
𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 where 𝑦 = 2𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
7

Now, the polynomial 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 1 being an irreducible


2𝜋𝑐
polynomial of degree 3 over Q and has a root 𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) = 2𝛼
7

∴[𝑄(2𝛼): 𝑄] = 3 ≠ 2𝑟 , for any non-negative integer 𝑟.

⟹ Length 2𝛼 is not constructible

⟹ Length 𝛼 is not constructible

Hence, a regular Heptagon is not constructible

Dr.T.G.Sudha, Nrupathunga University, Bangalore-560001. 7

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