Presentation on

SUB STATION BASIC : PART – I

 Single Line Diagram 
 Bus Bar Arrangement 
 Sub Station Layout 

https://50hz-academia.com 1
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Introduction

The economics of generation of electrical energy and

the huge demands for power in the modern times
requires creation of bigger POWER STATIONS.
The power stations may be far from the load centre /
consumers and so long high voltage transmission
lines are necessary for transfer of bulk power from
power station to different load centres.
In between power station and ultimate consumers a
number of transformation and switching stations are
to be created. Such stations are known as Sub Station.

https://50hz-academia.com 2
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Concept of Power System

https://50hz-academia.com 3
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 What is Sub Station ?

A SUBSTATION is a subsidiary station of an electricity

Generation, Transmission and Distribution system
where voltage is transformed from high to low or vise
versa using transformers.
Electric power may flow
through several substations
between generating plant
and consumer, and may be
changed in voltage in
several steps.
A Step-up transformer increases the voltage and
proportionally decreases the current, while a step-
down transformer decreases the voltage and
proportionally increases the current for domestic and
commercial distribution.
https://50hz-academia.com 4
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 House Electrification
BUS BAR STRIPS 3- & 1- MCBs

SOURCE CABLE (Incoming)

3- LOAD CABLE (Outgoing)

1- LOAD CABLE (Outgoing)

1- LOAD CABLE (Outgoing)

1- LOAD CABLE (Outgoing)

DISTRIBUTION BOARD
https://50hz-academia.com 5
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 TR. LINE TR. LINE
General Arrangement
(INCOMER / OUTGOING) (INCOMER)

LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
CAP. VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER POWER
TRANSFORMER
WAVE TRAP

SUB
CURRENT TRANSFORMER STATION

EARTH SWITCH

ISOLATOR POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMER

CIRCUIT BREAKER

BUS
BAR ISOLATOR

https://50hz-academia.com 6
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Single Bus Bar Scheme

SUB STATION POWER STATION LOAD CENTRE

Faulty

BUS BAR

Faulty

https://50hz-academia.com 7
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Advantage & Disadvantage
SINGLE BUS BAR (UPTO 33kV SS)
Advantages
Lowest cost
Small land area required
Easily expandable
Simple in concept and operation
Disadvantages
Lowest reliability
Failure of a circuit breaker causes loss of the feeder
Bus fault causes loss of the entire substation
https://50hz-academia.com 8
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Improvement

Main Disadvantage ?
Loss of the entire Sub Station in case of Bus fault.
Requirement ?
Avoid loss of entire bus i.e., entire Sub Station in Bus
fault.
How to Achieve ?
By Sectionalizing the Single Bus Bar.
Arrangement ?
Sectionalisation of Single Bus Bar Arrangement.

https://50hz-academia.com 9
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Sectionalization of Single Bus Bar Scheme

SUB STATION POWER STATION LOAD CENTRE

Faulty

BUS SECTION - I BUS SECTION - II

Faulty
SECTIONALIZING CB
https://50hz-academia.com 10
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Advantage & Disadvantage
SECTIONALIZATION BUS BAR (33kV & 66kV SS)
Advantages
Flexible operation
Higher reliability than single bus scheme
Isolation of bus sections for maintenance
Loss of only part of the substation for a bus fault
Disadvantages
Loss of circuit for breaker failure
A sectionalized bus arrangement has a higher cost
than a single bus scheme as additional circuit breaker
and isolators are required for sectionalizing
https://50hz-academia.com 11
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Improvement
Main Disadvantage ?
Circuit Breaker failures are more than Bus fault. Thus,
we loose important feeder in case of Circuit Breaker
outage.
Requirement ?
Avoid loss of important circuit in case of Circuit
Breaker outage.
How to Achieve ?
By by-passing the faulty circuit breaker.
Arrangement ?
Main and Transfer Bus Bar Arrangement.
https://50hz-academia.com 12
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Main and Transfer Bus Bar Scheme

SUB STATION POWER STATION LOAD CENTRE

TRANSFER BUS
COUPLER (TBC)

Faulty

MAIN BUS I
Faulty
TRANSFER BUS

https://50hz-academia.com 13
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Advantage & Disadvantage
MAIN & TRANSFER BUS BAR (132kV SS)
Advantages
Circuit breaker outage / maintenance does not disrupt
the service of feeder / circuit
Reasonable in cost
Fairly small land area
Easily expandable
Disadvantages
Bus Fault causes disruption of service of entire sub
station
An additional circuit breaker is required for bus tie

https://50hz-academia.com 14
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Improvement
Main Disadvantage ?
Bus fault in a sub station having more nos. of circuits
causes greater interruption of power. In Main and
Transfer Bus Bar arrangement bus fault results loss of
entire sub station i.e., all circuits.
Requirement ?
Avoid loss of too many circuits in case of bus fault.
How to Achieve ?
By providing another Main Bus for connection of
circuits.
Arrangement ?
Double Main Bus Bar Arrangement.
https://50hz-academia.com 15
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Double Main
Single Bus
Bus Bar Scheme
Scheme Mode

SUB STATION POWER STATION LOAD CENTRE

BUS COUPLER (BC)

Faulty

MAIN BUS I

MAIN BUS II

Faulty https://50hz-academia.com 16
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Advantage & Disadvantage
DOUBLE MAIN BUS BAR (220kV SS)
Advantages
Bus Bar outage / maintenance does not disrupt the
service of any feeder / circuit
Reasonable in cost
Fairly small land area
Easily expandable
Disadvantages
Circuit Breaker outage causes disruption of service of
that feeder

https://50hz-academia.com 17
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
Main Disadvantage ? Improvement
Double Main Bus arrangement is an alternative to
Main & Transfer Bus scheme. In both cases, the
investment is same. The only difference is that in
Double Main Bus the outage of Bus Bar and in Main &
Transfer Bus the outage of Breaker is prioritized.
Interruption of Power during Isolator operation.
Requirement ?
Both Bus fault and Circuit Breaker outage are to be
taken care off.
How to Achieve ?
By using one of the Main Buses as “Main Cum Transfer
Bus”.
Arrangement ?
Double Main Cum Transfer Bus Bar Arrangement.
https://50hz-academia.com 18
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Main
Double and
Main Transfer
Cum Single BusBus
Transfer Scheme Mode
Bar Scheme
SUB STATION POWER STATION LOAD CENTRE

BUS I CUM
TRANSFER

Faulty
Faulty
BC

BUS II
https://50hz-academia.com 19
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Advantage & Disadvantage
DOUBLE MAIN CUM TRANSFER BUS BAR (220kV SS)
Advantages
Bus Bar outage / maintenance does not disrupt the
service of any feeder / circuit
Circuit Breaker outage does not cause disruption of
service of that feeder
Reasonable in cost
Fairly small land area
Easily expandable
Disadvantages
Additional Isolator in each circuit increases the cost

https://50hz-academia.com 20
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Improvement
Main Disadvantage ?
Double Main Cum Transfer Bus Bar arrangement
outage of Circuit Breaker and Bus together causes loss
of faulty Circuit Breaker feeder.
Interruption of Power.
Requirement ? during Isolator Operation
Avoid loss of feeder in case of simultaneous outage of
Circuit Breaker and a Main Bus.
How to Achieve ?
By providing separate transfer Bus along with Double
Main Buses.
Arrangement ?
Double Main and Transfer Bus Bar Arrangement.

https://50hz-academia.com 21
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Double Main
Mainand Transfer
and
Single BusBus
Transfer Bar Scheme
Scheme
Scheme Mode
Mode

SUB STATION POWER STATION LOAD CENTRE BC

INTERRUPTION
BUS I
BUS II

Faulty

Faulty TBC

https://50hz-academia.com 22
TRANSFER BUS Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Advantage & Disadvantage
DOUBLE MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS BAR (220kV SS)
Advantages
Bus Bar outage / maintenance does not disrupt the
service of any feeder / circuit
Circuit Breaker outage does not cause disruption of
service of that feeder
Maintenance of Bus and CB does not interrupt supply
Disadvantages
Additional Isolator and Circuit Breaker required for
transfer Bus tie.

https://50hz-academia.com 23
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Improvement
Main Disadvantage ?
Interruption of Power during Isolator operation.
Interruption of Power is likely to cause major
disturbance if the feeders are important and heavily
loaded.
Requirement ?
Avoid interruption of important and heavily loaded
feeders during bus fault or outage of Circuit Breaker.
How to Achieve ?
By connection of circuits for double feed through
Circuit Breakers and avoid Isolator switching.
Arrangement ?
One and a Half Breaker Bus Bar Arrangement.
https://50hz-academia.com 24
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 One and a Half Breaker Bus Bar Scheme
POWER STATION
BUS I BUS II

MAIN CB TIE CB MAIN CB

MAIN CB TIE CB MAIN CB

Faulty Faulty

Faulty SUB STATION LOAD CENTRE

Faulty
https://50hz-academia.com 25
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Advantage & Disadvantage
ONE & HALF BREAKER BUS BAR (400kV SS)
Advantages
Flexible operation
High reliability
Can isolate either main bus for maintenance without
disrupting service
Can isolate any circuit breaker for maintenance
without disrupting service
Double feed to each circuit
Bus fault does not interrupt service to any circuits
All switching done with circuit breakers
Disadvantages
One-and-a-half breakers are required per circuit
https://50hz-academia.com 26
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Improvement
Important
In transmission system the highest reliable Bus Bar
Arrangement adopted by POWERGRID is One and a
Half Bus Bar Scheme. However, where bulk power
evacuation without alternative path is concerned,
further reliable arrangement may be adopted.
What Arrangement ?
Connection of circuits in Double Bus Bar Arrangement
where each circuit will have a spare Circuit Breaker in
service.
Where can be used ?
In large Generating Plants where implication of
generation outage is much higher than the cost of
Circuit Breakers.
https://50hz-academia.com 27
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Double Breaker Bus Bar Scheme
BUS I BUS II
POWER STATION

Faulty SUB STATION

LOAD CENTRE

Faulty https://50hz-academia.com 28
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Advantage & Disadvantage
DOUBLE BREAKER BUS BAR (Mega Generating Units)
Advantages
Flexible operation
Very high reliability
Isolation of either main bus for maintenance without
disrupting service
Isolation of any circuit breaker for maintenance
without disrupting service
Double feed to each circuit
No interruption of service to any circuits from bus
fault
Loss of only one circuit for breaker failure
All switching with circuit breakers
Disadvantages
This configuration carries a high cost
Two circuit breakers are required for each circuit.
https://50hz-academia.com 29
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 PHOTOGRAPHS

https://50hz-academia.com 30
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Photographs

BUS
BAR

https://50hz-academia.com 31
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Photographs

CIRCUIT BREAKER ISOLATOR AND EARTH SWITCH

https://50hz-academia.com 32
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Photographs

CURRENT TRANSFORMER POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

https://50hz-academia.com 33
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Photographs

CAPACITOR VOLTAGE
LIGHTNING ARRESTER TRANSFORMER

https://50hz-academia.com 34
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Photographs

WAVE TRAP TRANSMISSION LINE

https://50hz-academia.com 35
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Photographs

TRANSFORMER
https://50hz-academia.com 36
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Photographs

REACTOR
https://50hz-academia.com 37
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 Photographs

SUB STATION

https://50hz-academia.com 38
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 LAYOUT & SECTION

https://50hz-academia.com 39
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 DRAWING – EXAMPLE : 1
A B
CL-LA CL-TFR.
CL-CVT
CL-WT CL-LA
CL-CT

CL-ISO

CL-CB

CL-ISO

A B
https://50hz-academia.com
40
SLIDE : 1 of 3
 DRAWING – EXAMPLE : 1

Earth Wire

Gantry

LA CVT WT CT ISO & ES CB ISO Ground Level

SECTION - AA

https://50hz-academia.com 41
SLIDE : 2 of 3
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 DRAWING – EXAMPLE : 1

Transformer LA CT ISO CB ISO Ground Level

SECTION - BB

https://50hz-academia.com 42
SLIDE : 3 of 3
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 A B
DRAWING – EXAMPLE : 2
CL-LA CL-TFR.
CL-CVT
CL-WT CL-LA
CL-CT

CL-ISO

CL-CB

CL-ISO
CL-ISO

https://50hz-academia.com 43
A SLIDE : 1 of 3
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
B
 DRAWING – EXAMPLE : 2
Earth Wire
Gantry

LA CVT WT CT ISO & ES CB ISO ISO Ground Level

SECTION - AA

https://50hz-academia.com 44
SLIDE : 2 of 3
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 DRAWING – EXAMPLE : 2
Earth Wire
Gantry

Transformer LA CT ISO & ES CB ISO ISO Ground Level

SECTION - BB

https://50hz-academia.com 45
SLIDE : 3 of 3
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 https://50hz-academia.com 46
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 QUESTION

What are the different parts of Power System ?

What is Sub Station ?
What is Single Line Diagram ?
Explain BUS BAR ?
What do you understand by Bus Bar Arrangement ?
What are the limitations of Single Bus Bar Scheme ?
What is the advantage of Sectionalisation of Single Bus
Bar over Single Bus Arrangement ?
Bus Bar Arrangement for 132kV Sub Station is .

https://50hz-academia.com 47
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 QUESTION
What are the limitations of Main & Transfer Bus Bar
Scheme ?
How does Double Main Bus Scheme differ from Main &
Transfer Bus Arrangement ?
What is the difference between Double Main Bus and
Double Main Cum Transfer Bus Arrangement ?
What is the Bus Bar Arrangement for Sub Station having
voltage class 400kV & above ?
What is the advantages of One and a half Breaker Bus
Bar Scheme ?
What is the advantage & Disadvantage of Two Breaker
Bus Bar Scheme and where the same is used ?
https://50hz-academia.com 48
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 QUESTION

Explain the purpose of using

(a) Circuit Breaker
(b) Isolator
(c) Earth Switch
(d) Lightning Arrestor
(e) Current Transformer
(f) Potential Transformer
(g) Capacitor Voltage Transformer
(h) Wave Trap
(i) Power Transformer
https://50hz-academia.com 49
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses
 https://50hz-academia.com 50
Project experienced Based Advanced Power System & Electrical Industry Relevant Courses