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Practical Note

Computer sience

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Sundri Negi
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7 views3 pages

Practical Note

Computer sience

Uploaded by

Sundri Negi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Here’s a simplified Salt Analysis Procedure specifically tailored for Class 11th Chemistry

practicals, focusing on systematic identification of cation and anion in salts. This method is
appropriate for beginners.

Step-by-Step Salt Analysis for Class 11th

1. Preliminary Tests

a. Physical Observation:

 Color of the Salt:


o White/Colorless: Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, NH₄⁺, Al³⁺.
o Blue: Cu²⁺.
o Green: Fe²⁺, Ni²⁺.
o Yellow/Brown: Fe³⁺.
 Smell:
o Ammoniacal smell: NH₄⁺ salts.
o Vinegar-like smell: Acetate salts.

b. Dry Heating Test:

 Heat a small amount of salt in a test tube:


o Water droplets on tube walls: Presence of water of crystallization (e.g.,
CuSO₄·5H₂O).
o Smell of ammonia: NH₄⁺ salts.
o Gas evolution:
 CO₂: Indicates carbonates.
 SO₂: Indicates sulfites.

c. Flame Test (For Cations):

 Dip a platinum/nichrome wire in the salt solution and place it in a flame:


o Yellow Flame: Na⁺.
o Violet Flame: K⁺.
o Brick Red Flame: Ca²⁺.
o Blue-Green Flame: Cu²⁺.

2. Detection of Anions

a. Carbonate (CO₃²⁻):
 Add dilute HCl to the salt:
o Effervescence: CO₂ gas evolved.
o Test: Pass gas through lime water → Lime water turns milky.

b. Chloride (Cl⁻):

 Add AgNO₃ to the salt solution:


o White precipitate forms: Soluble in NH₃ solution.

c. Sulphate (SO₄²⁻):

 Add BaCl₂ to the salt solution in HCl:


o White precipitate forms: Insoluble in HCl.

d. Nitrate (NO₃⁻):

 Brown Ring Test:


o Add FeSO₄ solution and concentrated H₂SO₄.
o Brown ring appears at the junction.

e. Acetate (CH₃COO⁻):

 Add dilute H₂SO₄ and heat:


o Vinegar-like smell indicates acetate.

3. Detection of Cations (Group-wise Analysis)

a. Group I (Pb²⁺, Ag⁺):

 Add dilute HCl to the salt solution:


o White precipitate forms.

b. Group II (Cu²⁺, Hg²⁺):

 Add H₂S in acidic medium:


o Black precipitate forms (CuS, HgS).

c. Group III (Fe³⁺, Al³⁺):

 Add NH₄Cl and NH₄OH:


o Reddish-brown ppt (Fe³⁺).
o White ppt (Al³⁺).

d. Group IV (Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺):


 Add H₂S in basic medium:
o White precipitate (ZnS).

e. Group V (Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺):

 Add (NH₄)₂CO₃:
o White precipitate.

f. Group VI (Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺):

 Confirm with:
o Na⁺: Yellow flame.
o K⁺: Violet flame.
o NH₄⁺: Add NaOH → Ammonia smell.

Simplified Flowchart for Class 11th

1. Start with Preliminary Tests:


o Color, flame test, and dry heating for initial clues.
2. Test for Anions:
o Perform tests systematically: Carbonates → Sulphates → Chlorides → Nitrates.
3. Test for Cations:
o Group-wise analysis using reagents like HCl, H₂S, and NH₄OH.
4. Confirmatory Tests:
o Cross-check results using flame tests and specific reagent reactions.

Let me know if you need detailed examples or flowchart diagrams for these steps!

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