CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

Exam-style questions and sample answers have been written by the authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded
may be different.

Coursebook answers
Chapter 1
Self-assessment questions
10000
1 average speed = 1625.17
= 6.15 m s−1 10 S
 loping sections: bus moving; horizontal
2 a 
mm s −1 sections: bus stationary (e.g., at bus stops)
11 O
 A: constant speed; AB: stationary; BC:
b km h-1 reduced constant speed; CD: running back
c km s−1 to gate
s
d m s−1
C
3 distance = 12 cm = 120 mm
so, average speed = 120 = 2.0 mm s−1` A B
60
0.05 m
4 average speed = 0.40 s = 0.0125 m s−1 ≈
0.013 m s−1
5 a Constant speed
D
0
b Increasing speed (accelerating) 0 t
6  or example, attach a card to a weight and
F 12 a 
85 m s −1

drop it through a light gate. Alternatively,

attach ticker-tape to the falling mass. b 
Graph is a straight line through the
origin, with gradient = 85 m s−1
7 a 
Displacement
13 a Graph is a straight line for the first 3 h;
b Speed then less steep for the last hour
c Velocity b car’s speed in first three hours = 23 km h−1
d Distance 84
c car’s average speed in first four hours = 4
8 distance s = v × t = 1500 × 0.2 = 300 m
= 21 km h−1
(Remember: the 0.4 s total time is that taken
for the sound waves to travel out and be 14 a total distance travelled = 3.0 + 4.0 =
reflected back from the surface of the water.) 7.0 km
9 t ime taken for orbit is one year = 1 × 365.25 × b, c T
 he two parts of the journey are at 90° to
24 × 60 × 60 = 31 557 600 s. each other, so the resultant displacement
distance travelled = circumference of orbit = is given by Pythagoras’ theorem.
2 × π × 1.5 × 1011 = 9.425 × 1011 m
displacement2 = 3.02 + 4.02 = 25.0, so
so, the Earth’s speed = 29.9 km s−1 ≈ 30 km s−1 displacement = 5.0 km
As the Earth orbits the Sun, its direction of
motion keeps changing. Hence, its velocity
angle = tan−1 ( 34..00 ) = 53° E of N or 37° N
of E
keeps changing. In the course of one year, its
displacement is zero, so its average velocity is
zero.

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15 a, b 8.5 km; 48° W of S or a bearing of 228° 17 a 

44°
A
resultant
vertical 25 ms–1
48° 45° 18 ms–1
8.5 km 8.0 km

horizontal
17 ms–1
W SE
12.0 km
b 17.3 m s−1 ≈ 17 m s−1
16 S
 wimmer aims directly across river; river flows
at right angles to where she aims. So, resultant c 43.9° ≈ 44° to the vertical
velocity is given by geometry: 18 a 
10 m s−1 North
magnitude2 = 2.02 + 0.82 = 4.64 so magnitude = b 0 m s−1
4.64 = 2.154 ≈ 2.2 m s−1
c 7.1 m s−1 045° or N45°E
( )
direction = tan−1 02.8 ≈ 22° to the direct route
(68° to the river bank) d 7.1 m s−1 315° or N45°W

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Exam-style questions and sample answers have been written by the authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded
may be different.

Coursebook answers
Chapter 2
Self-assessment questions d During last 15 s, acceleration a = ∆∆vt
= ((30 – 15)) =
0 – 30 −30 = −2.0 m s−2
1 change in velocity ∆v = (18 − 0) = 18 m s−1 15

time taken ∆t = 6.0 s e From area under graph: 525 m

so, acceleration a = ∆∆vt = 18 = 3.0 m s−2 6

6.0
2 change in velocity ∆v = (11 − 23) = −12 m s−1 Dots evenly spaced, then getting steadily
closer together
time taken ∆t = 20 s
7 If l1 = length of first section of interrupt card,
so, acceleration a = ∆∆vt = −12 = −0.60 m s−2
20 t1 = time when first section enters light gate,
The magnitude of the deceleration is 0.60 m s−2 t2 = time when first section exits light gate,
l2 = length of second section of interrupt card,
3 Rearranging the equation a = v –t u gives
a 
t3 = time when second section enters light gate,
v = u + at
t4 = time when second section exits light gate,
so, after 1 s, v = 0.0 + (9.81 × 1) = 9.81 ≈ then:
9.8 m s−1 l1
initial velocity u = = 0.05 = 0.25 m s−1
t2 − t1 0.20 − 0.0
b After 3 s, v = 0.0 + (9.81 × 3) = 29.4 m s ≈ −1
l2
29 m s−1 final velocity v = = 0.05
t4 − t3 0.35 − 0.30
= 1.0 m s−1
4 v Δt = t3 − t1 = 0.30 − 0.0 = 0.30 s
so, acceleration a = ∆∆vt = 1.00−.300.25 = 2.5 m s−2
8  or first ticker-tape section, length l1 = 10 cm,
F
time taken t1 = 5 × 0.02 = 0.10 s
l1 0.10
t
so, initial velocity u = =
t1 0.10
= 1.0 m s−1
 or second ticker-tape section, length
F
5 a v /ms–1
30 l2 = 16 cm, time taken t2 = 5 × 0.02 = 0.10 s
l2 0.16
so, final velocity v = =
t2 0.10
= 1.6 m s−1
20
 ections of tape are adjacent, so time between
S
start of first section and start of final section,
10 Δt = time taken by first section = 5 × 0.02 =
0.10 s
0 so, acceleration a = ∆∆vt = 1.60.−101.0 = 6.0 m s−2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 t / s
9 a We know u, a and t and we want to know
b, c During first 10 s, acceleration a = ∆∆vt = 30 v, so we use the equation
10
= 3.0 m s−2 velocity v = u + at = 0.0 + (2.0 × 10)
= 20 m s−1

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b We know u, a and t and we want to know b initial velocity v1 = 20 m s−1; final velocity
s, so we use the equation v2 = 8 m s−1
distance s = ut + 1
2
at2 = 0.0 + c acceleration a = ∆∆vt = 8 − 20
30 − 0
= −0.40 m s−2
1
2
× 2.0 × 10 × 10 = 100 m d  isplacement of car = area under graph
d
c We know u, v and a and we want to know = (area of rectangle with side 8 m s−1 and
t, so we rearrange the equation v = u + at length 30 s) + (area of triangle with side
so that 12 m s−1 and base 30 s)

time t = v − u = 24 − 0 = 12 s = (8 × 30) + ( 12 × 12 × 30) = 420 m

a 2.0
1
e displacement of car, s = ut + 2
at2
10 a We know u, v and t and we want to know
a, so we use the equation = (20 × 30) + ( 12 × (−0.40) × 30 × 30)
acceleration, a = v − u = 20 − 4.0 = 0.16 m s−2
t 100
= 600 − 180 = 420 m

b average velocity, vavg = v + u = 20 + 4.0 16 a 

Calculate distance fallen for each time
2 2
= 12 m s−1 using s = ut + 1
2
at2, with u = 0
1
c We could use s = ut + 2
at but given that
2

Time / s 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

we have worked out the average speed,
it is simpler to use distance, s = vavg × t Displacement / m 0 4.9 19.6 44.1 78.5
= 12 × 100 = 1200 m
b Graph is a parabola through the origin.
11 We know u, a and s and we want to know v, so
we use the equation 80
v = u + 2as
2 2
70
so, final velocity, v = u 2 + 2as
60
(8.0 )
2
= − 2 × 1.0 × 18 = 100 = 10 m s−1
Displacement / m

12 We know u, v and a and we want to know s, so 50

we rearrange the equation v2 = u2 + 2as, so that
40
v 2 − u 2 = ( 0 )2 − (30 )2 = 900
distance, s = 2 × ( −7 )
2a 14 30
= 64.3 m ≈ 64 m
13 We know v, a and s and we want to know u, 20
so we rearrange the equation v2 = u2 + 2as
10
into u2 = v2 − 2as, so initial speed, u =
v 2 − 2as = ( 0.0 )2 − 2 × ( −6.5 ) × 50 = 650 0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
= 25.5 m s−1
Time/ s
 his is just over the speed limit.
T c I n 2.5 s, stone falls 30.6 m ≈ 31 m. Check
14 a  t = 7.5 s; v = 220 m s−1 using
1
b  raw a tangent to the curve at point
D s = ut + 2
at2 = 0 + ( 12 × 9.81 × 2.5 × 2.5)
P. Read off two sets of values from the ≈ 31 m
tangent to find the gradient. For example: d time taken = 2.86 s ≈ 2.9 s
at time t1 = 0 s, v1 ≈ 60 m s −1
Check by rearranging, remembering that
at time t2 = 12 s, v2 ≈ 300 m s−1 u = 0, so that time t = 2.86 s ≈ 2.9 s
so, approximately, acceleration We know s and a, and that u = 0, and we
17 a 
need to find t.
a = ∆∆vt = 300 − 60
12 − 0
= 20 m s−2
Rearrange s = ut + 12 at2, remembering that
15 a 
The car is slowing down with constant u = 0,
(uniform) deceleration. so that time t = 2sa = 29×.81
0.8
≈ 0.40 s

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b We know s and a, and that u = 0, and we c ax = −5.2 m s−2; ay = −3.0 m s−2
need to find v.
d Fx = 77.3 N ≈ 77 N; Fy = 20.7 N ≈ 21 N
Use v2 = u2 + 2as so that impact velocity, v
22 The stone’s displacement now is s = −25 m
= u 2 + 2as = ( 0 )2 + 2 × 9.81× 0.8 = 15.7
Substituting in s = ut + 1 at2 gives
≈ 4.0 m s−1 2

18 a 
Using the method in the worked example, −25 = 20t + 12 × (−9.81) × t2
calculate the average speed of the steel so, 4.9t2 − 20t − 25 = 0 or approximately 5t2 −
20t − 25 = 0, which can be simplified to
ball = s = 2.10
t 0.67
= 3.134 m s−1 t2 − 4t − 5 = (t − 5)(t + 1) = 0
Then find the values of v and u so, time taken to reach the foot of the cliff = 5 s
final speed, v = 2 × 3.134 m s−1 = 6.268 m s−1 (i.e. 1 s more). Accurate answer is 5.08 ≈ 5.1 s.
initial speed, u = 0.0 m s−1 In solving the quadratic equation, you
will have found a second solution, t = −1 s.
Substitute these values into the equation
Obviously, the stone could not take a negative
for acceleration
time to reach the foot of the cliff. However,
a = v − u = 6.268 = 9.36 m s−2 ≈ 9.4 m s−2 this solution does have a meaning: it tells us
t 0.67
that, if the stone had been thrown upwards
b Air resistance; delay in release of ball from the foot of the cliff at the correct speed, it
c  ercentage uncertainty in time = 0.02/0.67
p would have been travelling upwards at 20 m s−1
× 100 = 3% as it passed the top of the cliff at t = 0 s.
percentage uncertainty in g = 2 × 3 = 6% 23 a  Use v = u + at to calculate v, remembering
or largest value of g = 9.94 m s−2 giving an that a = −9.81 m s−2
absolute uncertainty of 0.58 m s−2 and a Velocity
percentage uncertainty of 90..36
58
× 100 = 6% 30 20.19 10.38 0.57 −9.24 −19.05
/ m s−1
19 a  Time
h/m 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
/s
2.0
b
1.5
30
1.0 25
20
0.5
15
Velocity / m s–1

0 10
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 t2 / s2
5
0
b Because s = 12 at2 the gradient is 12 g, the 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Time / s
–5
acceleration of free fall, g ≈ 1.6 m s−2
–10
c  his object is not falling on the Earth,
T –15
perhaps on the Moon –20
20 Drop an object towards the sensor, but
take care not to break it. A better method c 3.1 s
is to use a sloping ramp with a trolley;
24 a 
Horizontal speed remains constant after
gradually increase the angle of slope.
being thrown (ignoring air resistance), so:
Deduce the value of the acceleration when
the ramp is vertical. horizontal velocity = st = 124..00 = 3.0 m s−1
Fx = 17.3 N ≈ 17 N; Fy ≈ 10 N
21 a  b  or vertical distance, use s = ut + 12 at2,
F
remembering that u = 0
b vx = 1.7 m s−1; vy = −4.7 m s−1
s = ut + 1
2
at2 = 0 + 1
2
× (−9.81) × 4.0 × 4.0
= −78.5 m, so height of cliff is 78.5 m

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vertical component of velocity =

25 a  26 F
 irst, calculate the time taken for the projectile
8 × sin 40° = 5.14 ≈ 5.1 m s−1 to return to the ground.
b vertical component of velocity = 0 m s−1 initial vertical velocity, uver = 40 × sin 45°
= 28.3 m s−1
c Rearrange v = u + at, so that time t = v−u
a We know the vertical distance travelled
0 − 5.14 when the projectile hits the ground = 0 m so,
= = 0.524 ≈ 0.52 s rearrange s = ut + 12 at2 to find t
−9.81
d  orizontal component of velocity
h 0 = 28.3t + 12 × 9.81t2 = 28.3t + 4.905t2
= 8 × cos 40° = 6.13 ≈ 6.1 m s−1 so, t = 0 (when the projectile is launched) or
t = 5.77 s (when it returns to the ground)
e  ssume horizontal component of velocity
A
is constant and use Assume horizontal velocity is constant,
uhor = 40 × cos 45° = 28.3 m s−1
distance s = ut + 1
2
at2 = 6.1 × 0.52 + 0 so, horizontal distance s = ut = 28.3 × 5.77
= 3.21 ≈ 3.2 m = 163 m ≈ 160 m

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 CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

Exam-style questions and sample answers have been written by the authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded
may be different.

Coursebook answers
Chapter 3
Self-assessment questions 9 a 
The lighter one: lower terminal velocity.

1 force, F = ma = 800 × 2.0 = 1600 N b  urn head-first and pull in his arms and
T
200000
legs to produce a streamlined shape and
F
2 acceleration, a = m = 5000 = 40 m s−2 reduce air resistance.
3 acceleration, a = F
m
= (60200
+ 40 )
= 2.0 m s−2 10 a 
Upthrust
 ike has zero initial velocity, so final velocity v
B b Friction
= at = 2.0 × 5.0 = 10 m s−1
c Weight (= force of gravity)
4 Estimated masses are shown in brackets. Note
that g has been rounded appropriately to 10 m d Contact force (normal reaction)
s−2 in these estimates.
e Tension
(1.0 kg), so weight = mg = 1.0 × 10 = 10 N
a 
f Drag
b (60 kg), so weight = 600 N
11 contact force
c (0.025 kg), so weight = 0.25 N drag or air
resistance
d (40 000 kg), so weight = 400 000 N
5  he greater the mass of the car, the greater
T
weight driving force between
the force needed to slow it down with a tyres and road
given deceleration. For large cars, it is less
12 air resistance
demanding on the driver if the engine supplies
some of the force needed to brake the car.
6  ue to inertia, the driver continues to move
D
forward, although the car stops. A seat belt weight
provides the force needed to overcome this
air resistance weight
inertia.
7  he large one; its weight is greater, so it
T a 
Going up
reaches a greater speed before air resistance is
sufficient to equal its weight. b Going down
8 a 
Lubricate the skis to reduce friction. 13 a 
Force up on your foot and down on the
foot that you tread on. Both forces are
b  ear tight-fitting, smooth clothing to
W contact forces (normal reactions).
reduce air resistance.
b  orce backwards on the car and forwards
F
c  evelop powerful muscles to provide a
D on the wall. Both forces are contact forces
large forward force. (normal reactions).
d  he steeper the slope, the better to
T c  ackwards force on car and forwards force
B
maximise the effect of gravity. on ground. Both forces are frictional forces.
d  pwards force on ball and downwards
U
force on your hand. Both forces are
contact forces (normal reactions).

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14 A
 pples vary in mass; the acceleration due to 17 a 
Sides are 27.5 cm and 21.8 cm (note: your
gravity varies from place to place. coursebook may have a slightly different
trimmed page size)
pressure =
15 a  F ,F=
A
ma, so pressure has area = 27.5 × 21.8 = 599.5 ≈ 600 cm2 to 3
base units kg m s −2
= kg m−1 s−2 sig. figs = 0.0600 m2 to 3 sig. figs
m2
b energy = force × distance, so energy has b 27.6 × 21.9 = 604.4. The difference is 4.9
base units kg m2 s−2 cm2 which to 1 sig. fig. (the usual number
for an uncertainty) is 5 cm2.
c density = mass
volume
, so density has base units Using a combination of uncertainties, the
kg m−3 final percentage uncertainty in the area
base units of pressure = kg m−1 s−2
16 a  is 100 × ((0.1/27.5) + (0.1/21.8)) = 0.82%
base units of ρgh = (kg m−3) × (m s−2) × so the absolute uncertainty in the area =
(m) = kg m−1 s−2 0.082 × 599.5 = 4.9 or 5 cm2
Since the base units are the same, the 6 × 10−11 A
18 a 
equation is homogeneous. b 5 × 108 W
b base unit of speed × time = (m s−1) × (s) = m c 20 = 2 × 101 m
base unit of at2 = (m s−2) × (s2) = m
Since both sides of the equation have
base unit m, the base unit of distance, the
equation is homogeneous.

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 CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

Exam-style questions and sample answers have been written by the authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded
may be different.

Coursebook answers
Chapter 4
Self-assessment questions 5 a  contact force

1 a  force of parachute
= 2000 N

direction
of 60°
travel
weight of parachutist 30°
= 1000 N 500 N

b force upwards = 2000 − 1000 = 1000 N b c omponent of weight down slope = 500
upwards sin 30° = 250 N
c  he will accelerate upwards (i.e.,
S c  he contact force of the slope is a normal
T
decelerate). reaction, so it is at 90° to the slope.
2 a 
Yes, the ship is in equilibrium, because d Friction; up the slope
it travels at a constant velocity (not 6 a 
component of acceleration parallel to
accelerating, so no resultant force acting slope = 9.81 × sin 25° = 4.1 m s−2
on it).
b  et force down slope = 40 × 9.81 ×
n
b  pthrust is equal and opposite to weight
U sin 25° − 80 = 85.8
of boat, as it is floating, so = 1000 kN acceleration = 8540.8 = 2.1 m s−2
c  ecause the velocity is constant, we know
B 7 sum of clockwise moments = sum of
a 
that the drag is equal and opposite to the anticlockwise moments
force of the engines, so = 50 kN 400 × 0.20 = F × 1.20
3 vertical component of force = weight −
a  so, force required is F = 4001.×200.20 = 67 N
upthrust = 2.5 − 0.5 = 2.0 N downwards b s um of clockwise moments = sum of
horizontal component of force = 1.5 N anticlockwise moments
so, resultant force is obtained from R2 = 400 × 0.20 = F × 0.50
(2.0)2 + (1.5)2 = 6.25 so, force on legs of wheelbarrow is
so, R = 2.5 N
angle = tan−1 12..50 = 37° to vertical F = 4000×.500.20 = 160 N

b No, there is a net force acting upon it. 8 Remember that weight = mg, and that
a 
the acceleration g is the same for all the
4  ith rope horizontal, the force pulling the
W
masses; in our moments equation, g
box is F. With the rope at an angle θ to the
cancels out from both sides.
horizontal, the horizontal component
(= F cos θ) is less, since cos θ is less than 1. sum of clockwise moments = sum of
anticlockwise moments
(100 × 30) + (10 × 45) = M × 20
so, mass M = 300020+ 450 = 172.5 ≈ 173 g

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b  y this method, weighing could be carried

B c s um of clockwise moments = 2.5 + 2.5 =
out with a limited selection of relatively 5 N m = sum of anticlockwise moments
small masses. so, yes, the moments are balanced
c  pwards force at pivot = sum of the
U 10 torque = force × radius, so
weights of M, the 100 g and the 10 g mass
= (0.1725 + 0.110) × 9.81 force = torque
radius
= 0137
.18
= 761 N ≈ 760 N

= 2.77 N
9 a, b F1 = 0 N m
F2 = 10 × 0.25 = 2.5 N m clockwise
F3 = 10 sin 30° × 0.50 = 2.5 N m clockwise
F4 = 5 × 1.0 = 5 N m anticlockwise

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Exam-style questions and sample answers have been written by the authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded
may be different.

Coursebook answers
Chapter 5
1 1
Self-assessment questions 9  inetic energy of car, Ek =
k 2
mv2 = 2
× 500 ×
(15)2 = 56 kJ
1 a 
Yes, work done against friction
 inetic energy of motorcycle, Ek = 12 mv2 = 12 ×
k
b  es, gravity does work in making you go
Y 250 × (30)2 = 113 kJ
faster. The motorcycle has more k.e.
c  o, because the stone remains at a constant
N 10 change in kinetic energy = k.e. before − k.e.
distance from the centre of the circle. after
1
d No, because you do not move. = 1
2
× 0.200 × (15.8)2 − 2
× 0.200 × (12.2)2

2 work done, W = F × s = mg × s = 70 × 9.81 × = 25 − 15 = 10 J

2.5 = 1720 ≈ 1700 J 11 Calculate the loss in g.p.e. as the sphere falls
3 work done, W = F × s = 10 × 250 = 2500 J
a  from its highest position.
Ep = mgh = 10.0 × 9.81 × 0.15 = 14.7 J
b 2 500 J (ignoring work done against air
The gain in the sphere’s k.e. is 14.7 J. Using
resistance)
this to calculate the sphere’s speed,
4  he crane does work to overcome the
T
Ek = 1 mv2 = 1 × 10.0 × v2 = 14.7 J
downward force of gravity, so all that matters 2 2
is the vertical height through which the crane so, v2 = 14 .7
5.0
= 2.94 m2 s−2 and v = 1.7 m s−1, the
lifts the load. same as for the sphere of mass 5.0 kg.
 ork done, W = F × s = 500 × 40 = 20 000 J = 20 kJ
w The result is unchanged for any value of mass.
5 work done by force up slope, W = F × s = 100 12 reduction in gravitational potential energy,
× 0.50 = 50 J ΔEp = mgΔh = 80 000 × 9.81 × (10 000 − 1000)
 ork done by contact force = 0 J
w = 7.1 × 109 J
work done by force down slope, W = F × s = This energy becomes increased kinetic energy
−(30 × 0.50) = −15 J (note the movement is in of air molecules: the air temperature rises.
the opposite direction to the force) 13 We can say that the change in g.p.e. from
work done by gravity, W = F × s = −(100 sin the top of the jump to the point just before
45° × 0.50) = −35 J she enters the water is equal to the change in
6 change in gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy, so that mgh = 12 mv2
Ep = mgh = 52 × 9.81 × 2.5 = 1275 J ≈ 1300 J  his means that her speed just before the
T
7 c hange in gravitational potential energy, point where she enters the water is
Ep = mgh = 100 × 9.81 × 5500 = 5400 kJ or v = 2gh = 2 × 9.81× 10 = 196 = 14 m s−1
5.4 MJ 14 a 
kinetic energy as stone reaches foot of
8 a 
Elastic potential energy cliff, Ek = 12 mv2 = 12 × m × (38)2 = m × 722 J
b  ork is done on the magnets in pulling
W gravitational potential energy change, Ep =
them apart. The potential energy mgh = m × 9.81 × 80 = m × 785 J
transferred to the magnets has come from so, proportion of g.p.e. converted to k.e.
chemical energy in the student. k.e. 722
= = 0.92 = 92%
g.p.e 785

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b  he rest of the stone’s initial energy is

T work done in one second, W = Fs = 700 ×
17 a 
converted to heat (because work is done 401 = 28 000 J (28 kJ)
against air resistance).
work done b 28 kW
15 Rearranging power = gives
time taken  ork done against gravity, W = Fs = weight ×
18 w
work done = power × time taken = 50 000 W × height moved
60 s = 3.0 × 106 J (or 3.0 MJ) = mgh = 55 × 9.81 × 28 × 0.20 = 3020 J
W 4 200 000 W 3020
16 power = = = 70 000 W = 70 kW so, her useful power = = = 560 W
t 60 t 5.4

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may be different.

Coursebook answers
Chapter 6
1
Self-assessment questions d kinetic energy before collision = 2
mAu2A

1 a 
Ball B has greater mass. + 1
2
mBu2B

b Trolley B has greater mass. = ( 12 × 4.0 × (2.5)2) + ( 12 × 4.0 × (1.5)2)

2 momentum, p = mv = 0.50 × 20 =
a  = 12.5 + 4.5 = 17 J
10 kg m s−1
kinetic energy after collision = 1
2
mAv2A +
b momentum, p = mv = 25 000 × 20 = 5.0 ×
1 mBv2B
105 kg m s−1 2
c momentum, p = mv = 9.1 × 10−31 × 2.0 ×
= ( 12 × 4.0 × (1.5)2) + ( 12 × 4.0 × (2.5)2)
107 = 1.82 × 10−23 ≈ 1.8 × 10−23 kg m s−1
3 momentum before = mAuA + mBuB = (0.50 × = 4.5 + 12.5 = 17 J
2.0) + (0.50 × (−3.0)) = 1.0 − 1.5 = −0.5 kg m s−1 so, k.e. before = k.e. after
(i.e., to the left) e r elative speed before = 2.5 − (−1.5) = 4.0 m
momentum after = mAvA + mBvB = (0.50 × s−1
(−2.0)) + (0.50 × 1.0) = −1.0 + 0.5 = −0.5 kg m relative speed after = 2.5 − (−1.5) = 4.0 m
s−1 (i.e., to the left) s−1
4 6 a before after
Type of collision perfectly elastic inelastic
2.0 m s–1 u= 0 v= ? 1.2 m s–1
Momentum conserved conserved
Kinetic energy conserved not conserved A B A B
Total energy conserved conserved 1.0 kg 2.0 kg 1.0 kg 2.0 kg

5 a 
Before collision:
b Call 1.0 kg trolley A.
momentum of ball A, pA = mAuA = 4.0 ×
Call 2.0 kg trolley B.
2.5 = +10 kg m s−1
Conservation of momentum means
momentum of ball B, pB = mBuB = 4.0 ×
(−1.5) = −6 kg m s−1 momentum before collision = momentum
after collision
b After collision:
so, mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB
momentum of ball A, pA = mAuA = 4.0 ×
Rearrange to find speed of first trolley
(−1.5) = −6 kg m s−1
after collision, vA
momentum of ball B, pB = mBuB = 4.0 ×
mAuA + mBuB − mBvB = mAvA
2.5 = +10 kg m s−1
vA = mA uA + mB uB – mBvB
c t otal momentum before collision = pA + pB mA
= +4 kg m s−1 (1.0 × 2.0 ) + ( 2.0 × 0.0 ) − ( 2.0 ×1.2 )
=
total momentum after collision = pA + pB = 1.0
+4 kg m s−1 = −0.40 m s−1
so, momentum is conserved

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The minus sign indicates that the first Before After

trolley reverses direction. v1
7 a 
If you consider the star to be stationary
u
before exploding, the star has zero
momentum. After the explosion, matter
flies off in all directions: equal amounts of
momentum are created in all directions, so
their (vector) sum is zero. Momentum is
conserved.
v2
b  ou give downward momentum to the
Y
Earth; as you slow down, so does the
10 5.0 kg ms–1
Earth. As you start to fall back down,
the Earth starts to ‘fall’ back up towards 36.9° 53.1°
you. At all times, your momentum is
equal and opposite to that of the Earth,
so combined momentum is zero, i.e.,
conserved.
3.0 kg ms–1
4.0 kg ms–1
8 If u = initial velocity and v = final velocity,
change in momentum of ball
Δ
 p = mv − mu = m(v − u) = 0.40 × (1.5 − (−1.2))
= 1.08 kg m s−1 11 C
 onsider momentum changes in the
change in k.e. ΔEk = 12 mv2 − 12 mu2 = 12 m(v2 y-direction.
− u2) Before collision:
1
= 2
× 0.40 × ((1.2) − (1.5) ) = −0.162 J
2 2
momentum = 0
 he wall has gained momentum. The ball
T After collision:
has lost kinetic energy, which has become component of momentum of particle 1 = 2.40
thermal energy (heat) of the ball and air. sin 60° = 2.08 kg m s−1 upwards
The momentum given to the wall and Earth component of momentum of particle 2 = 2.40
is equal and opposite to this value but the sin 60° = 2.08 kg m s−1 downwards
kinetic energy given to the Earth = the lost These components are equal and opposite and
kinetic energy from the ball. So, 0.162 = 12 mv2, hence their sum is zero.
where m is the mass of the Earth and v is the Consider momentum changes in the
velocity, with which it recoils. v is very low x-direction.
since the mass is very large indeed.
Before collision:
9 Consider the movement of the moving ball
before the collision. If we take its direction of momentum = 2.40 kg m s−1 to the right
movement as the x-axis, and the perpendicular After collision:
to its direction of movement as the y-axis, component of momentum of particle 1 = 2.40
then compare before and after the collision. cos 60° = 1.20 kg m s−1 to the right
 efore collision: component of momentum
B c omponent of momentum of particle 2 = 2.40
along x-axis only; no component along y-axis. cos 60° = 1.20 kg m s−1 to the right
After collision: the second ball has a total momentum = 1.20 + 1.20 = 2.40 kg m s−1
component of momentum along the y-axis to the right
(as it moves away at an angle to the x-axis). Hence, momentum is conserved in both the
Therefore, to conserve momentum along the x- and y-directions, so total momentum is
y-axis, after the collision, the first ball must conserved.
also have an equal and opposite component of
12 a  component of velocity of first ball in
momentum along the y-axis. So, the first ball
x-direction = 1.00 m s−1
must change direction.
component of velocity of first ball in
y-direction = 0

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b  ssume that each ball has mass m and

A change in momentum, Dp = mv − mu =
13 a 
that the second ball has velocity V m(v − u)
at an angle θ to the x-direction (with = 1000 × (24 − 10) = 1.4 × 104 kg m s−1
components Vx in the x-direction and Vy
∆p 1.4 × 10 4
in the y-direction). b force, F = = = 933 N ≈ 930 N
∆t 15
Consider momentum conservation in the
Rearrange F = ∆∆pt to give change in
14 a 
x-direction:
momentum
m × 1.00 = m × 0.80 cos 20° + m × Vx
 p = F Dt = 240 × 0.25 = 60 kg m s−1 (or 60
D
Cancel m from all terms, so Vx = 1.00 − N s)
0.80 cos 20° = 0.25 m s−1
b In the direction of the kicking force
Consider momentum conservation in the
y-direction (taking ‘upwards’ as positive): 15 Force applied to water
∆p m( v − u )
0 = −m × 0.80 sin 20° + m × Vy = =
∆t ∆t
so, Vy = 0.80 sin 20° = 0.27 m s−1
m
c  agnitude of velocity of second ball, V,
M = (v − u )
∆t
is given by Pythagoras’ theorem: = 10 × (0 − 5.0) = −50 N
V2 = (Vx)2 + (Vy)2 (Negative because force applied to water is
against the direction of water flow)
so, V = ( 0.25 )2 + ( 0.27 )2  = 0.37 m s−1
  so, force of water on wall = 50 N
direction of velocity of second ball, angle
θ to the x-direction If the water bounces, a greater force is applied
 Vy   0.27  because of a greater change in momentum.
= tan−1   = tan−1   = 47° 16 force exerted by golf club,
V
 x  0.25 
∆p m( v − u ) 0.046 × (50 − 0 )
F= = =
∆t ∆t 0.0013
1.77 × 103 N ≈ 1.8 kN

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may be different.

Coursebook answers
Chapter 7
Self-assessment questions b I nitially, with the water inside the ballast
tanks, the upthrust was equal to the weight
1 volume of cube = 3.0 × 3.0 × 3.0 = 27 cm3 of the submarine plus the water inside the
tanks. When the water is pushed out of the
mass 240 tanks the upthrust is still the same but the
density = = = 8.89 g cm−3 = 8890
volume 27 submarine without the water weighs less.
kg m−3 The upthrust is now larger than the weight.
4 4
2 volume of sphere, V = pr3 = × π × (0.15)3 8  ass of extra water displaced = 15 × 1200
m
= 0.0141 m3 3 3
= 18 000 kg
mass
rearrange: density = extra volume displaced = 18 000/1000 = 18 m3
volume
so, mass = density × volume = 7850 × 0.0141 = extra depth = 18/750 = 0.024 m
111 kg
F 80 9  easure the sides of the cube with the
M
3 pressure, p = = = 20 kPa
A 4 × 0.0010 micrometer. Multiply the three sides together
4 Estimate weight = 600 N, area of feet = 500 to obtain the volume of the cube. Use mass
cm2 = 0.05 m2 = density of water × volume of cube to find
F 600 the mass of water displaced. The weight =
so, pressure p = = = 12 kPa
A 0.05 mass × g. Use the newton-meter to measure
5 Pressure at depth 0.8 m is p = ρgh1 = 1000 × the weight of the cube in air and when fully
9.81 × 0.8 = 7.85 × 103 Pa submerged in water. The difference is the
Pressure at depth 2.4 m is p = ρgh2 = 1000 × upthrust. This should equal the weight of the
9.81 × 2.4 = 2.35 × 104 Pa water displaced.
maximum total pressure, p = patm + pwater  ass of hydrogen and fabric = 3000 × 0.09
10 m
= 1.01 × 105 + 2.35 × 104 = 1.25 × 105 Pa +100 = 370 kg
p upthrust in air = 3000 × 1.2 × 9.81 = 35300 N
6 Rearrange p = ρgh to give height h =
1.01× 105 ρ g
g reatest mass it can lift = 35300 ÷ 9.81 − 370 =
= = 7980 m ≈ 8000 m
1.29 × 9.81 3200 kg
This figure is too small because it assumes the B
11 a 
density of the air is constant. In fact, density
decreases with height. You may have sensibly b C
assumed a smaller value for the density of air, 12 a 
Spring D has the greatest value of force
say half the value quoted. constant (the graph has the steepest
7 a  The ball displaces a lot of water and the gradient).
upthrust is larger than its weight. b  pring A is the least stiff (it extends the
S
most for each unit of force applied).
c  pring C does not obey Hooke’s law:
S
there is no section of the graph that forms
a straight line.

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13 Metals from stiffest to least stiff: force 4F

18 stress = =
Metal  oung modulus /
Y cross-sectional area πd 2
GPa 4 × 1.00
= = 8.0 × 106 Pa
Most stiff steel 210 π × ( 0.0004 )2
extension 0.001
iron (wrought) 200 strain = =
original length 0.800
copper 130
= 1.25 × 10−3 (at most)
brass 90−110 stress 8.0 × 106
Young modulus = =
aluminium 70 strain 1.25 × 10 −3
= 6.4 × 109 Pa (but could be more, because
tin 50
extension may be less than 1 mm)
Least stiff lead 18 stress 150 × 106
19 a  Young modulus = = =
strain 0.003
 tiffest non-metal is glass (Young modulus =
14 S 50 GPa
70−80 GPa) stress 100 × 106
b Young modulus = = =
15 For material A: strain 0.001
σ 15 × 106 100 GPa
stress
Young modulus, EA = = = = Note that the Young modulus is only
strain ε 0.001
1.5 × 10 Pa = 15 GPa
10 found for the straight portion of the
stress−strain graph.
For material B:
stress 100 × 106
6
stress = σ = 12 × 10 = 5.0
c Young modulus = = = 25
Young modulus, EB = strain ε 0.0024
strain 0.004
GPa
× 109 Pa = 5.0 GPa
force 20 e lastic potential energy, E = Fx = 1 × 12 ×
16 stress = 0.18 = 1.08 J ≈ 1.1 J
1
2
2
cross-sectional area
50  he rubber band is assumed to obey Hooke’s
T
= = 1.0 × 108 Pa law; hence, the answer is an estimate.
0.5 × 10 −6
(Remember that 0.5 mm2 = 0.5 × 10−6 m2) 21 elastic potential energy, E = 1 Fx = 1
kx2
2 2
extension 0.1
strain = = = 1
2
× 4800 × (0.0020)2 = 9.6 × 10−3 J
original length 200.0
strain = 5.0 × 10−4 (0.05%) 22 a 
A has greater stiffness (less extension per
stress 1.0 × 108 unit force).
Young modulus = =
strain 5.0 × 10 −4 b  requires greater force to break (line
A
= 2.0 × 1011 Pa continues to higher force value).
stress
17 Young modulus =
strain c  requires greater amount of work done
B
stress to break (larger area under graph).
Rearrange so strain =
Young modulus
x
Then insert formulae for stress and strain
L
F πd 2
= and cross-sectional area, A =
A× E 4
4 FL
This gives extension = 2
πd × E
4 × 10 × 1.00
=
π × ( 0.001) × 130 × 109
2

= 9.796 × 10−5 m
≈ 9.8 × 10−5 m

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Coursebook answers
Chapter 8
V 230
Self-assessment questions =
15 R = = 575 Ω
a I 0.40
1 towards the right V 6.0
c = =
16 R = 2.5 Ω
2 a b c, see diagram I 2.4
3 ΔQ = I Δt = 0.40 × 15 = 6.0 C P 60
17 =
I = = 0.26 A
∆Q 150 V 230
4 I = = = 5.0 A
∆t 30 18 P = V I = 25 × 103 × 40 × 103 = 1.9 × 109 W
∆Q 50 (or 1000 MW or 1.0 GW)
5 I = = = 2.5 A
∆t 20 b V2 3.02
6 a Current increases by a 19 P
 = = = 0.45 mW
R 20 × 103
factor of 4, therefore time
20 a  Rearrange P = V I to give
decreases by a factor of 4,
therefore time = 1 hour/ 4 = P 15
=
I = = 0.065 A
1
hour = 15 minutes V 230
4
V 230
b ΔQ = I Δt = 200 × 15 × 60 = 180 000 b R = = = 3500 Ω
I 0.065
7  umber of protons = total charge/charge on
n 21 Rearrange P = I 2 R to give
each proton = 1 / 1.6 × 10−19 = 6.3 × 1018
P 100
8 8.0 × 10−19 C; it is the only one that is an exact R= 2 = = 540 Ω
I 0.432
multiple of the elementary charge
22 Energy transferred W = IVΔt = 10 × 12 ×
9 I = n A q v = 5.9 × 1028 × 2.0 × 10−6 × 1.6 × 10−19 (5.0 × 60 × 60) = 2200 000 J, or 2.2 MJ
× 0.10 × 10−3 = 1.9 A
23 a Charge through lamp ΔQ = IΔt = 10 × 20
5.0
10 I = = 200 C
8.5 × 1028 × π × ( 0.50 ×10 −3 )2 × 1.6 × 10 −19
b Per coulomb of charge energy = ΔW / ΔQ
= 4.7 × 10 −4 ms −1 = 400/200 = 2.0 J
11 The speed will decrease because if all the other
c Rearrange energy transferred, W = IVΔt, to
variables are unchanged then the mean drift
give potential difference: V = ΔW / IΔt = 400
velocity will be inversely proportion to the
(10*20) = 2.0 V or use potential difference =
number density.
energy/ charge = 400/200 = 2.0 V
V 12
12 =
I = = 0.33 Ω
R 36
13 The 60 W lamp will have the higher resistance,
it will have a lower current using V = I R the
smaller R the higher I must be for the same p.d.
14 a  V = I R = 1.0 × 50 = 50 V
b potential difference ∝ current, therefore
double the current therefore the p.d. must
have been doubled, 50 V × 2 = 100 V

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may be different.

Coursebook answers
Chapter 9
Self-assessment questions total e.m.f. = 6 + 6 = 12 V. If the batteries are
connected back to front, the charge gains
1 4.5 A energy in one cell but loses it in the other, so
2 1.5 towards P total e.m.f. = 0 V.
3 current towards junction = 1.0 + 2.5 + 3.0 = 6.5 In parallel, half the charge flows through one
battery and half through the other, so the
c urrent away from the junction = 4.0 + 2.0 + total energy gained is 6 J, meaning the total
0.5 = 6.5 e.m.f. = 6 V.
Kirchhoff’s first law is satisfied. 9 Consider the circuit loop at the top,
4 current towards the junction = 3.0 + 2.0 containing the 10 V cell and a 20 Ω resistor.
c urrent away from the junction = 7.0 + I  se Kirchhoff’s second law and V = IR to give
U
7.0 + I = 3.0 + 2.0, I = 5.0 − 7.0 = −2 A 10 V = I1 × 20 Ω, so current through A1 is I1 =
Therefore, I is 2.0 A towards the junction, the 10/20 = 0.50 A
opposite direction to that shown in the diagram. Consider the circuit loop at the bottom,
5 Sum of e.m.f.s around any loop in a circuit containing the 5 V cell and a 20 Ω resistor. Use
is equal to the sum of the p.d.s around the Kirchhoff’s second law and V = IR to give 5 V
loop. So, e.m.f. of power supply = Sp.d.s = I1 × 20 Ω, so current through A3 is I3 = 5/20
across resistors, meaning p.d. across resistor = 0.25 A
R = e.m.f. of power supply − p.d. across 20 Ω Now use Kirchhoff’s first law at the circuit
resistor = 10 − (0.1 × 20) = 8.0 V; V = IR so junction to the right of ammeter A2 to give I1
resistance R = VI = 8.0/0.1 = 80 Ω = I2 + I3 so current through A2 is I2 = I1 − I3 =
0.50 − 0.25 = 0.25 A
6 a 
Choose the loop containing the 5 V cell
at the top, the 10 Ω resistor with current 10 total resistance = 5 + 5 + 10 = 20 Ω
I, and the central 5 V cell, as the only  se Kirchhoff’s second law to give e.m.f. =
11 U
current involved is I. V1 + V2
b s um of e.m.f.s of cells in loop = 5.0 + 5.0 = so, V2 = e.m.f. − V1 = 2.0 − 1.2 = 0.8 V
10 V = p.d. across resistor 12 a  All five in series and pointing the same way,
V = IR so I = V/R = 10/10 = 1.0 A so e.m.f. = 1.5 + 1.5 + 1.5 + 1.5 + 1.5 = 7.5 V
7 I n the loop, the sum of e.m.f.s = 30 − 10 = 20 b  ive in series, with two facing in the
F
V, which by Kirchhoff’s second law must equal opposite direction, so e.m.f. = 1.5 + 1.5 +
the sum of the p.d.s across the resistors, given 1.5 − 1.5 − 1.5 = 1.5 V or all five in parallel
by V = IR c
 ive in series, with one facing in the
F
sum of p.d.s across resistors = (0.5 × R) + (0.5 opposite direction, so e.m.f. = 1.5 + 1.5 +
× 10) + (0.2 × 10) + (0.2 × 20) 1.5 + 1.5 − 1.5 = 4.5 V or two in parallel
so, 20 = (0.5 × R) + 11, giving R = (20 − 11)/ to give e.m.f. of 1.5 V, connected in series
0.5 = 18 Ω to two more in parallel (also giving e.m.f.
8 In series, the 1 C charge passes through both of 1.5 V), then connected in series to the
batteries and gains or loses 6 J in each. If single remaining cell with e.m.f. of 1.5 V
the batteries are connected so that both of sum of e.m.f.s = 1.5 + 1.5 + 1.5 = 4.5 V
them move the charge in the same direction,

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13 1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4 = 4/10 • 

100 Ω and 200 Ω in series, connected in parallel
so, RTotal = 10/4 = 2.5 Ω with 100 Ω so 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 = 1/300 + 1/100
= 4/300 so R = 75 Ω
R = R1 + R2 = 100 + 200 = 300 Ω
14 a 
•  in parallel, so 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3=
All
b 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 = 1/100 + 1/200 = 3/200,
1/100 + 1/100 + 1/200 = 5/200 so R = 40 Ω
so R = 200/3 = 67 Ω
c
 esistance of the series combination is
R 17 10 Ω (remember for resistors connected in
given in part a, 300 Ω parallel, their combined resistance is smaller
than any of the individual resistances)
so, for full combination, 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2
= 1/300 + 1/200 = 5/600 18 T
 he p.d. across each resistor is the same as the
e.m.f. of the battery.
so, R = 600/5 = 120 Ω
Rearrange V = IR to give I = V/R = 12/500
15 a  Rearrange V = IR to give current, I = V/R =
= 0.024 A 10/20 = 0.50 A
19 Combined resistance of all resistors, R, is
total resistance R = R1 + R2 = 500 + 1000 =
b given by:
1500 Ω
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 = 1/20 + 1/40 + 1/50 =
Rearrange V = IR to give I = V/R =
19/200 so R = 200/19 = 10.5 Ω
12/1500 = 0.008 A
Rearrange V = IR to give current I = V/R =
c Total resistance R is given by 1/R = 10/10.5 = 0.95 A
1/R1 + 1/R2 = 1/500 + 1/1000 = 3/1000
But an easier way to approach this is to
so, R = 1000/3 = 333 Ω calculate the current through each resistor
Rearrange V = IR to give I = V/R = (12 × using I = V/R, given that the p.d. across each
3)/1000 = 0.036 A resistor is the same and equals the e.m.f. of
16 Total resistances possible are: 40 Ω, 50 Ω, 67 Ω, the battery. sum of currents = 10/20 + 10/40 +
75 Ω, 100 Ω (two ways), 167 Ω, 10/50 = 190/200 = 0.95 A
200 Ω (two ways), 250 Ω, 300 Ω and 400 Ω 20 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 so 1/10 = 1/20 + 1/R2 so 1/R2
In detail: = 1/10 − 1/20, hence, R = 100 Ω
• One 100 Ω on its own 21 T wo in parallel, connected in series with a
further two. For the parallel combination,
• One 200 Ω on its own 1/RP = 1/100 + 1/100 = 1/50 so RP = 50 Ω
• Both 100 Ω in series, R = 200 Ω Thus, the total resistance of the series
combination is RS = 100 + 100 + 50 = 250 Ω
• 100 Ω + 200 Ω in series, R = 300 Ω 22 Resistance of parallel combination is given by
• All in series, R = 200 + 100 + 100 = 400 Ω 1/300 + 1/60 = 6/300 = 1/50 so Rp = 50 Ω
s o, total resistance of circuit R = 50 + 50 = 100 Ω
• 
Both 100 Ω in parallel, 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 =
1/100 + 1/100 = 2/100 so R = 50 Ω Rearrange V = IR to give current, I = V/R
current at A, I = 600/100 = 6.0 A
• 
100 Ω and 200 Ω in parallel, 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 =
current at B is the same as at A = 6.0 A
1/100 + 1/200 = 3/200 so R = 67 Ω
p.d. across parallel combination = e.m.f. − p.d.
• 
100 Ω and 200 Ω in parallel, plus 100 Ω in across 50 Ω resistor = 600 − (6.0 × 50) = 300 V
series, R = 67 + 100 = 167 Ω current at C is V/R = 300/300 = 1.0 A
• 
100 Ω and 100 Ω in parallel, plus 200 Ω in current at D is 300/60 = 5.0 A
series, R = 50 + 200 = 250 Ω current at E = current at A = 6.0 A
• 
100 Ω and 100 Ω in series, connected in parallel 23 a  current = V/R = 10/100 = 0.10 A
with 200 Ω so 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 = 1/200 + 1/200 b current = V/R = 10/(100+5.0) = 0.095 A
= 2/200 so R = 100 Ω

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Coursebook answers
Chapter 10
Self-assessment questions b  metal wire will work over a much wider
A
range than a thermistor. or The metal’s
1 a I/A resistance increases almost linearly,
0.25
making the thermometer more linear.
0.20
8 a Rearrange resistance, R = ρL/A to give
0.15
length, L = RA/ρ
0.10
where A = ¼pd2 = ¼ × π × (0.5 × 10−3)2 =
0.05 1.96 × 10−7 m2
0.00 so, length for 1.0 Ω resistance = RA/ρ =
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 V/V 1.0 × 0.2 × 10−6/44.0 × 10−8 = 0.45 m
b  ll except point at 7.9; this point is
A b length for 5.0 Ω resistance = 5.0 × 0.45 = 2.3 m
anomalous and can be ignored
c length for 10 Ω resistance = RA/ρ = 10 ×
c 48 Ω 0.45 = 4.5 m
d Yes 9 v olume of copper, v = 1.0 cm3 = length L ×
2  t 2.0 V, R = V/I = 2.0/0.010 = 200 Ω; at 8.0 V,
A cross-sectional area A
R = 8.0/0.060 = 133 Ω so, length L = v/A
No, it does not obey Ohm’s law. thus, resistance R = ρv/A2 = 1.69 × 10−8 × 1.0 ×
3 At θ1, R = V/I = 30/2.4 = 12.5 Ω; at θ2,
a  10−6/(4.0 × 10−7)2 = 0.11 Ω
R = 15/3 = 5.0 Ω resistance, R = ρL/A
10 a 
b θ1 is the higher temperature We know the first length, L1 = 1.0 m, as
well as the resistivity of copper and the
4 a 
Filament lamp is A; steel wire is B
resistance R1. So, the cross-sectional area
b 8.0 V of the wire is A = ρL1/R1

c resistance, R = V/I = 8.0/3.4 = 2.4 Ω The resistance of the 5.0 m length of wire
is R2 = ρL2/A = L2R1/L1 = 5.0 × 0.50/1.0 =
5 i   3.1 kΩ
a  2.5 Ω
ii 1.5 kΩ b Area = 14 ,pd2, so halving the diameter
b i 5 °C reduces the area by a factor of 4.
Resistance is inversely proportional to
ii 36 °C
area. Therefore, halving the diameter
6  he lamp will become brighter because the
T increases the resistance by a factor of 4.
resistance of the thermistor decreases. This So, resistance R = 0.50 × 4 = 2.0 Ω
reduces the total resistance in the circuit and
11 4 0 Ω; the resistance increases by a factor of 4
therefore the current increases.
(because cross-sectional area has halved and
7 a 
A thermistor’s resistance changes more length has doubled)
per degree of temperature change than a
metal wire. This makes the thermometer
more sensitive.

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Coursebook answers
Chapter 11
Self-assessment questions Rearrange e.m.f. E = IR + Ir to give internal
resistance of battery
1 E = 5.0 V r = (E − IR)/I = (3.0 − 2.8)/0.28
= 0.71Ω
r = 2.0 Ω
5 1.5
current = 0.50 A

1.0
R = 8.0 Ω V

Rearrange e.m.f. E = I(R + r) to give 0.5

current
I = E/(R + r) = 5.0/(8.0 + 2.0) = 0.50 A
0
2 i   Rearrange e.m.f. E = I(R + r) to give
a  0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
I/A
current
I = E/(R + r) = 3.0/(10 + 10 + 4.0) = E = 1.5 V, r = 0.5 Ω
0.125 ≈ 0.13 A 6 terminal p.d. = E − Ir = 12 − (100 × 0.04)
a 
ii External resistance R is given by =8V
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 = 1/10 + 1/10, b power, P = VI, and p.d. V = IR means
so R = 5.0 Ω current, I = V/R, so P = V2/R
so, current I = E/(R + r) = 3.0/(5.0 + Rearrange to give resistance R = V2/P =
4.0) = 0.33 A (12)2/36 = 4.0 Ω
b i lost volts = Ir = 0.125 × 4.0 = 0.5 V c power, P = V2/R = 82/4 = 16 W
terminal p.d. = e.m.f. − lost volts = 3.0 7  hen resistor is set to 0 Ω, Vout = 0 V
W
− 0.5 = 2.5 V When resistor is set to 40 Ω, Vout = R2/(R1 + R2)
ii lost volts = Ir = 0.33 × 4.0 = 1.33 V × Vin = 40/(10 + 40) × 10 = 8 V
terminal p.d. = e.m.f. − lost volts = 3.0 8  rom the graph in Figure 12.7, the resistance
F
− 1.33 = 1.67 V of the LDR is 100 kΩ.
3 Rearrange e.m.f. E = I(R + r) voltage V across the 3 kΩ = R1/(R1 + R2) × Vin,
where R1 is the resistance of the
to give current I = E/(R + r) = (1.5 × 4)/(2.0 +
(0.1 × 4)) = 2.5 A 3 kΩ resistor and R2 is the resistance of the
LDR
4 E = 3.0 V
p.d. across 10 Ω resistor = 2.8 V so current in V = 3/(3 +100) × 10 = 0.29 V
circuit with resistor connected 9 Connect the output across the 3 kΩ resistor.
= V/R = 2.8/10 = 0.28 A

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10 T he thermistor is connected in series with resistance of the thermistor decreases and so

a fixed resistor and a battery. A changing the p.d. across the thermistor decreases and
temperature will cause a changing voltage the p.d. across the 400 Ω resistor increases.
across the thermistor. You can instead put the output voltage across
11 Both are made from a semiconductor the thermistor, then, when temperature rises,
material. Both have a decreasing resistance: the output voltage falls.
for an LDR when the light intensity increases 13 a 
For a 1 cm length of wire, potential
and for a thermistor when the temperature difference = 4.0/100 = 0.04 V
increases. Both have a non-linear change in
length needed for 1.0 V = 1.0/0.04 = 25 cm
resistance with light intensity or temperature.
12 The resistance of the thermistor at 50° C is b  length of 37.0 cm has a p.d. across it of
A
400 Ω so the resistor must have the same value. 37.0 × 0.04 = 1.48 V
The driver cell will have internal resistance
and it is supplying current to the
potentiometer wire. Therefore, the p.d.
10 V
across its terminals and the wire will be
slightly less than the e.m.f. (4.0 V) of the
400 Ω Vout cell.
c I f a balance length of 31.2 cm is required
by a cell of e.m.f. 1.230 V, then p.d.
 he output voltage is shown across the 400
T
supplied by unknown e.m.f. cell = (1.230 ×
Ω resistor. When the temperature rises, the
37.0)/31.2 = 1.459 V ≈ 1.46 V

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may be different.

Coursebook answers
Chapter 12
Self-assessment questions 6 Rearrange speed of wave, v = fλ, to give
v 5060
1 a 
Wavelength 15 cm, amplitude 4.0 cm frequency f = = = 20 240 Hz ≈ 20 kHz
λ 0.25
b Wavelength 20 cm, amplitude 2.0 cm 7 speed v = fλ = 64 × 1.40 = 89.6 m s−1 ≈ 90 m s−1
2  ne complete wave occupies 2.5 scale
O 8 frequency f = 30 Hz
a 
divisions. One scale division represents 0.005 s,
so the period of the wave T = 2.5 × 0.005 b speed v = fλ = 30 × 0.050 = 1.5 m s−1
= 0.0125 s 9
1 1
so, the frequency f = = = 80 Hz Station Wavelength / m Frequency /
T 0.0125 MHz
3
B Radio A 97.6
v 3.00 × 108
=
Displacement

A (FM) = 3.07
f 97.6 × 10 6

Distance Radio B v 3.00 × 108 94.6

(FM) = = 3.17
f 94.6 × 106

power P Radio B 1515 v 3.00 × 108

4 intensity =
a  = =
area A (LW)
λ 1515
surface area of a sphere = 4pr2
= 0.198
so, the intensity at 1.0 m from the lamp (note: MHz)
P 100 Radio C 693
= = v 3.00 × 108
4 πr 2 4 × π × (1.0 )2 (MW) =
λ 693
= 7.96 W m−2 ≈ 8.0 W m−2
= 0.433
b intensity at 2.0 m from the lamp = (note: MHz)
P 100
= 10 a 
Observed wavelength
4 πr 2
4 × π × ( 2.0 )2
= 1.99 W m−2 ≈ 2.0 W m−2 λobs =
(v + vs ) (330 + 80 ) = 3.4 m
=
f 120
5 a 
Intensity is proportional to (amplitude)2,
so doubling amplitude multiplies intensity v 330
fobs = = = 97 Hz
by 4, to 1600 W m−2 λobs 3.4
b I ntensity is reduced by a factor of 4, so fS × v 120 × 330
b fobs = = = 97 Hz
the amplitude decreases by a factor of 2, (v + vs ) (330 + 80 )
to 2.5 cm

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 alculate frequencies using f =

11 C v , 14 Use table of answers to Question 11:
λ
with v = 3.0 × 108 m s−1 a 
Radio waves
Radiation Wavelength Frequency / Hz b Radio waves
range / m
c Visible light
radio waves >106 to 10−1 300 to 3 × 109
d X-rays or γ-rays
microwaves 10−1 to 10−3 3 × 109 to 3 × 1011
15 T
 he Polaroid would allow only plane polarised
infrared 10−3 to 7 × 10−7 3 × 1011 to 4.3 × 1014
light to get through, with the electric field
visible 7 × 10−7 (red) to 4
 .3 × 1014 to 7.5 × vibrations along the transmission axis of the
4 × 10−7 (violet) 1014 Polaroid. All other oscillating electric fields
ultraviolet 4 × 10−7 to 10−8 7.5 × 1014 to 3 × 1016 from the incoming unpolarised light will be
blocked by the long chains of molecules of the
X-rays 10−8 to 10−13 3 × 1016 to 3 × 1021
Polaroid. Some of the incident light energy
γ-rays 10−10 to 10−16 3 × 1018 to 3 × 1024 is transferred to thermal energy within the
Polaroid.
12 a 
Visible
Use Malus’s law: I = I0 cos2 θ
16 a 
b Ultraviolet
I = 12 × cos2 45° = 12 × 0.50 = 6.0 W m−2
c 1−100 mm
b Use Malus’s law: I = I0 cos2 θ
d 400−700 nm I = 12 × cos2 60° = 12 × 0.25 = 3.0 W m−2
e 4.3 × 10 Hz to 7.5 × 10 Hz
14 14
17 Use Malus’s law: I = I0 cos2 θ
I
13 a 
Radio waves I is 30% of I0; this means = 0.30
I0
b Microwaves I
therefore, cos2 θ = = 0.30 and
c Infrared cos θ = 0.30 I0

d Visible light so, θ = 57°

e Ultraviolet
f X-rays or γ-rays

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Coursebook answers
Chapter 13
Self-assessment questions 6  : dark fringe, because rays from slits 1 and 2
D
have a path difference of 1½λ
1
 : bright fringe, because the path difference is 2l
E
resultant 7 The wavelength λ and the separation of slits a
remain the same
Displacement

therefore, x ∝ D; doubling D means x must

Distance
0 also double
so, new separation of fringes will be 3.0 mm.
8 x = laD , therefore, x ∝
a  1
a
, so decreasing a
2  he grid spacing is much smaller than the
T gives increased x
wavelength of the microwaves, so the waves do b  lue light has shorter wavelength; x ∝ λ
B
not pass through. However, the wavelength of so x is less
light is much smaller, so it can pass through
unaffected. c x is directly proportional to D
3  wo loudspeakers with slightly different
T For larger D, x is greater, so there is a
frequencies might start off in step, but they smaller percentage uncertainty in x
would soon go out of step. The superposition 9 Rearrange λ = ax to give
of the waves at a particular point might D
−9
be constructive at first, but would become x = λaD = 589 ×010.0002× 1.20 = 3.5 × 10−3 m
destructive. A stable pattern interference
pattern is not possible. 10 D and a are fixed, so x ∝ l
−7
4 The intensity would increase.  ew fringe separation = 4.5 × 10−7 × 2.4
n
6.0 × 10
= 1.8 mm
5
(or wavelength is 34 of previous value, so
a resultant
Displacement

spacing of fringes is 34 of previous value)

0 11 For the second-order maximum, rays from
Time adjacent slits have a path difference of 2λ, so
they are in phase.
b (Note: The angle at which the second-order
resultant
Displacement

maximum is observed must be greater than

the first-order maximum because the path
0
Time difference between neighbouring rays is larger:
2λ instead of λ.)
c Rearrange d sin θ = nλ so sin θ =
12 a 
resultant
nλ 2 × 580 × 10 –9
Displacement

= = 0.348, so θ = 20.4°
d 3.33 × 10 –6
0
Time

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b For n = 3, sin θ = 0.522, so θ = 31.5° c  or the double-slit experiment, a

F
For n = 4, sin θ = 0.697, so θ = 44.2° measured width of 9 mm for ten fringes
will give a wavelength of 562 nm. For
For n = 5, sin θ = 0.871, so θ = 60.6° the diffraction grating experiment, the
You cannot have sin θ > 1, so there are 11 measured second-order angle of 19° will
maxima: the zeroth-order maximum and give 543 nm. Hence, the diffraction grating
five on either side of this method is more accurate. In practice, it
θ increases, so the maxima are more
13 a  is also much more precise because the
spread out and there may be fewer of fringes are bright and sharp
them (note: sin θ ∝ λ) (well-defined).

b d decreases, so again θ increases, the For red light, rearrange d sin θ = nλ so

15 a 
maxima are more spread out and there –9
sin θ = ndλ = 1 × 700 × 10–6 = 0.350
may be fewer of them (note: sin θ ∝ 1/d) 2.00 × 10
so, θred = 20.5°
By calculation, use λ = ax
14 a  D
so fringe
–9 For violet light, rearrange d sin θ = nλ so
separation x = λaD = 546 × 10 ×–03.80 = 0.87 –9
0.50 × 10 sin θ = ndλ = 1 × 400 × 10–6 = 0.200
mm so ten fringes have a total width of 2.00 × 10

8.7 mm, but using a ruler, the student will so, θviolet = 11.5°
measure 9 mm therefore, angular separation
= 20.5° − 11.5° = 9.0°
b Separation of lines in grating
1 b  he third-order maximum for violet
T
= cm
3000 light is deflected through a smaller angle
= 3.33 × 10−6 m. than the second-order maximum for red
By calculation, rearrange d sin θ = nλ so light.
–9
sin θ = ndλ = 2 × 546 × 10–6 = 0.328
3.33 × 10

so θ = 19.1°, but the student will

measure 19°

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Coursebook answers
Chapter 14
Self-assessment questions b  istance between antinodes = 14 mm =
d
λ/2, so wavelength λ = 28 mm.
1 wavelength of stationary wave = 2 ×
a  8
distance between nodes = 50 cm frequency f = λv = 3.00.×028
10

= 1.07 × 1010 Hz ≈ 11 GHz

b  istance from node to adjacent antinode
d
= 0.5 × distance between nodes = 12.5 cm 4 I n both cases, waves are reflected (by the
metal sheet or by the water). The outgoing
2 a 
One complete wavelength is shown in the
and reflected waves combine to produce a
image, so wavelength = 60 cm
stationary wave pattern.
separation of two antinodes = λ/2 = 30 cm
5 a 
It is much easier to detect where sound
b falls to zero than where sound is a
maximum.
b I ncreased accuracy: if the wavelength is
short, it is difficult to measure just one
c length of string = 60 cm, so to produce wavelength
three antinodes, 3λ/2 = 60 cm, meaning λ 6 a 
Three antinodes between them means the
= 40 cm distance between the two measured nodes
3 a nodes = 3λ/2 = 20 cm, so wavelength λ = 13.3 cm
≈ 13 cm
b speed v = fλ = 2500 × 0.13 = 325 m s−1 ≈
transmitter reflector 330 m s−1

antinodes

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Coursebook answers
Chapter 15
Self-assessment questions 5 +e
a 

1 I f there were air molecules in the container, b No charge

the α-particles would scatter off them as well c +Ze, where Z is the proton number
and distort the results. The α-particles may
also be absorbed by 6 cm of air. d No charge

2 a 
More back-scattered, because of greater e +2e
chance of close approach to gold nucleus 6  umber of neutrons = nucleon number −
n
b  ewer back-scattered, because their
F proton (or atomic) number, so isotopes of
inertia would tend to carry them forwards uranium with nucleon numbers 235 and 238
contain 143 and 146 neutrons, respectively
c  ewer back-scattered, because the repulsive
F
7 a 
Proton number 80 for all; neutron
force would be smaller (note: gold and
numbers 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124
silver atoms occupy roughly equal volumes)
b a verage relative atomic mass = average
mass nucleon number
3 density =
volume
[(196 × 0.2) + (198 × 10) + (199 × 16.8) +
so, the volume of 193 g of gold volume (200 × 23.1) + (201 × 13.2) + (202 × 29.8) +
193 × 10 −3 3 (204 × 6.9)]/100 = 200.6 8
= m = 9.8 × 10 −6 m3
19700 8  hey are grouped into isotopes as follows: A
T
therefore, the volume occupied by one
and E; C; D, F and G; B and H
atom = volume of 193 g/number of atoms
in 193 g 44
9.8 × 10 −6 A Ca isotope of calcium
= = 1.6 × 10 −29 20
6.02 × 1023 50
B V isotope of vanadium
3V 23
radius of one atom = 3 46
4π C Sc isotope of calcium
21
3 × 1.6 × 10 −29
= 3
46
4π D Ti isotope of titanium
= 1.6 × 10 −10 m 22
46
This assumes there is little empty space E Ca isotope of calcium
20
between atoms.
48
4 number of neutrons = nucleon number − F Ti isotope of titanium
proton number 22
50
a  7 G Ti isotope of titanium
22
b 44
51
c 
60 H V isotope of vanadium
23
d 118 9 a  Gravitational force acts between all
protons and neutrons in a nucleus, as both
e 122
types of particle have mass.

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b  lectrostatic force acts only between

E  he up quark has a charge + 23 e, the antidown
15 T
protons in a nucleus, as neutrons are 1
quark has a charge +3 e, so the ρ-meson = e
uncharged.
16 The π− − meson is made up of an up and
c  trong nuclear force acts between all
S antidown quark. It is, therefore, likely that the
protons and neutrons in a nucleus. π−-meson is made up from an antiup and a
A β-particle has less charge, is smaller
10 a  down quark.
1
and travels faster, so is less likely to cause  he strange quark has a charge of −3 e, the
17 T
1
ionisation of an atom and thus travels antistrange quark has a charge +3 e, hence the
further before losing all its energy. π-meson is neutral.
b  ir is much less dense and so less
A 18 a
neutron proton b1
ionisation is caused per unit distance
travelled.
227 223 4
11 Th → Ra + α d u u u
90 88 2

64 64 0 0 d d
12 Cu → Zn + β + ν
29 30 −1 0
64 64 0 0
Cu → Ni + β + ν n
29 28 1 0
13 The nucleon number decreases by 32, b  → d +β + v
u +

therefore, there must be 8 α decays. 19 The charge must be conserved in the

This would reduce the proton number to 76, interaction. The proton has a charge of +1,
therefore, there must be (82−76) = 6 β decays this becomes a neutron of charge 0 and a β+
14 a  A proton is made up from 2 particle, charge +1. They balance.
up quarks and a down quark, charge The nucleon number, which is an approximate
1
= + 23 e + 23 e − 3 e = e measure of mass, must also balance. The
b A neutron is made up from 2 down proton and the neutron have approximately
quarks and an up quark, charge = + 23 e − the same mass, the β+ particle has a small, but
1 1 measureable mass and the neutrino must also
3e − 3e = 0
have a very small mass.
20 This is an open ended question, the table below gives some ideas and others to explore.

proton positron photon

mass ∼ 1u ∼ ½000 u zero rest mass
charge +1e +1e zero
speed range of speeds up to c range of speeds up to c c in vacuo
location free or in the nucleus of free, could be found in the
an atom outer atom of antihydrogen
nature matter antimatter electromagnetic
type not fundamental fundamental what does that mean
in this instance?
life stable Annihilates on meeting an Are there photons still
electron. arriving at Earth from
the original Big Bang?
21 Leptons are (we think) fundamental, hadrons
are not.
Leptons do not feel the strong force,
hadrons do.

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Coursebook answers
Chapter 1
Exam-style questions
1 A[1] b By Pythagoras’ theorem, displacement =
2 C[1] 2.22 + 152
3 a distance = speed × time = 15 200 m[1]

=
120 × 2.0
[1]
at an angle = tan−1 215.2 [1] ( )
60  = 8° E of N or a bearing of 008°[1]
= 4.0 km[1] c t ime for 2.2 km at 2.0 m s−1 = 2200
2
b  he car’s direction of motion keeps
T = 1100 s[1]
changing. Hence, its velocity keeps total time = 1100 + 900 = 2000 s[1]
changing. In the course of one lap,
its displacement is zero, so its average d average speed = distance
time
velocity is zero.[1] 17200
= [1]
2000
c  istance travelled in 1 minute =
d
0.5 × circumference but, displacement = = 8.6 m s−1[1]
diameter of track[1] e average velocity = displacement
time
circumference 15200
= = [1]
π 2000
4000 m = 7.6 m s−1[1]
= = 1270 m[1]
π
6 resultant velocity = 1.02 + 2.402
4 a 
By Pythagoras’ theorem, distance 2
= 2.6 m s−1[1]
= 6002 + 8002 m2[1]
( )
at an angle of tan−1 12..04 [1]
= 1000 000 = 1000 m [1] = 23° E of N or a bearing of 023°[1]
7 a  Distance in a (particular) direction[1]
b angle at B = tan−1 ( 800
600 )
[1]
b  hen athlete returns to his original
W
displacement = 1000 m at an angle 53° W position or the start[1]
of N or a bearing of 307°[1]
(direct) distance from original position
c velocity = 1000
60 zero[1]
8 boy
= 16.7 m s−1[1] s / m 40
38
36 35
at an angle 53° W of N[1] girl
30
5 distance in car = 0.25 × 60 = 15 km[1]
a 
25
total distance = 2.2 + 15 = 17.2 km[1] 20
15
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
t/s

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Straight line from t = 0, s = 0 to t = 12,

a  100 km h–1
s = 36[1]
b  traight line from t = 0, s = 0 to t = 5,
S
N
s = 10[1]
Straight line from t = 5, s = 10 to t = 12,
500 km h–1
s = 38[1] resultant

c 10 s where the graphs cross[1]

9 a 
Each second, it travels a constant
distance.[1]
At least two examples: 108 − 84 = 24, b Correct vectors drawn and labelled[1]
84 − 60 = 24, 60 − 36 = 24 cm[1]
Scale stated and diagram of
24
b speed = distance
time
= 0.1[1] sufficient size[1]
= 240 cm s−1[1] Resultant velocity 510 (±10) km h−1[1]
c 108 + 2 × 24[1] 11° W of N or a bearing of 349° (±3°)[1]
= 156 cm[1] c 0.25 × 510 = 128 ≈ 130 km 11° W of N[1]
d distance = 240 × 0.001 = 0.24 cm[1] 11 a  velocity of aircr
B
The smallest scale division on the ruler is
2 cm and so each dot is blurred by about
1/10th of a scale division. This might just 7.5 m s–1
15 m s–1
be observable but difficult to see[1]
10 a 
Vector quantities have direction, and
A
scalar quantities do not.[1]
Correct vector diagram[1]
One example of a vector, e.g., velocity,
Velocity of aircraft in still air in easterly
acceleration, displacement, force[1]
direction or calculation[1]
One example of a vector, e.g., speed, time,
mass, pressure[1] b t = 5000
15
= 333 s and 5000
13.5
= 370 s[1]
total time = 703 or 704 s or 703.7 s[1]
average speed = 10000
703.7
= 14.2 m s−1[1]

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may be different.

Coursebook answers
Chapter 2
change in speed
Exam-style questions b acceleration = [1]
time taken
1 A
 (Take care to change 200 km h−1 into m s−1 (50 − 25 )
= = 1.25 m s−2[1]
and 1.4 km into 1400m.)[1] 20
distance travelled = average speed × time
2 C[1] taken[1]
3 C[1] average speed = (25 +2 50 ) = 37.5 m s−1[1]
4 Using v2 = u2 + 2as[1] distance travelled = 37.5 × 20 = 750 m[1]
(v 2 − u 2 )
distance s = 2a [1] c  must travel an extra 50 m; its additional
B
(302 − 102 ) speed is 10 m s−1[1]
= [1]
2 × 4.0 so, time required = 50 = 5 s[1]
= 100 m[1] 10
d  onsider car A: it travels at 40 m s−1 for
C
5 Using v = u + at[1]
25 s[1]
final velocity = 50 − 0.50 × 100 [1] = 0[1]
total distance travelled 40 × 25 = 1000 m[1]
Using s = ut + 12 at2[1]
8 vertical component of velocity = v sin 30°[1]
a 
distance travelled =
50 × 100 − 0.5 × 0.50 × 1002[1] = 5.6 sin 30° = 2.8 m s−1[1]
= 2500 m[1] Using s = ut + 12 at2 with a = −g and s = 0[1]
Train slows to rest and covers a distance of t = 2.8
4.9
= 0.57 s[1]
2500 m[1]
b  orizontal component of velocity =
h
6 a  Using s = ut + 12 at2[1] v cos 30°[1]
s = 20t − 0.5 × 9.8t2 = 20t − 4.9t2[1] = 5.8 cos 30° = 4.85 m s−1 ≈ 4.9 m s−1[1]
b  ubstituting values of t in the equation
S horizontal distance = speed × time[1]
gives[1] = 4.85 × 0.57 = 2.77 m ≈ 2.8 m[1]
after 2.0 s, displacement = 20.4 m ≈ 20 m[1] 9 0.2 = 12 × 9.81 × t2[1]
a 
after 6.0 s, displacement = −56.4 m ≈ t = 0.202 s ≈ 0.20 s[1]

−56 m[1]
b v2 = u2 + 2as; 2.912 = 1.922 + 2a ×
i 
c Substituting s = 0 gives[1] 0.25[1]
0 = 20t − 4.9t2[1]
a = 9.56 m s−2 ≈ 9.6 m s−2[1]
t = 20
4.9
[1] ii Air resistance[1]
t = 4.08 s ≈ 4.1 s[1] Acts in the opposite direction to
7 a 
distance travelled at constant speed the velocity and so reduces the
= speed × time[1] acceleration[1]
= 40 × 20 = 800 m[1]

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i  Ball travels upwards (or reverses

10 a  v2 = u2 + 2as; 0 = v2 − 2 × 2 × 140[1]
12 a 
direction) on bouncing.[1] 23.7 ≈ 24 m s−1[1]
ii In both cases, the ball is accelerating v 23.7
due to gravity only.[1] b t == = 0.39 s[1]
s 60
iii Initial height of the ball above the The reaction time is approximately 0.3 s,
ground.[1] so the driver was alert.[1]
100000
iv Ball does not bounce as high as initial c 100 km h−1 = 60 × 60 = 27.8 m s−1
position. or (Kinetic) energy is lost ≈ 28 m s−1[1]
(as heat/internal energy) during the
bounce.[1] The driver was not speeding, as the speed
of 24 m s−1 is less than the speed limit.[1]
b i   v = u + 2as leading to
2 2

v2 = 2 × 9.81 × 1.2[1] 13 a 
Constant gradient[1]
v = 4.85 m s−1 ≈ 4.9 m s−1[1] b i 1.55 (±0.05) s[1]
ii v2 = 2 × 9.81 × 0.8[1] ii Area under graph calculated between
v = 3.96 m s−1 ≈ 4.0 m s−1[1] t = 0 and t = 1.55 s[1]
1.55
iii v = u + at leading to = 15 × = 11.6 ≈ 12 m[1]
2
4.85 = −3.96 + a × 0.16[1] iii Area between t = 1.55 s and t = 4.1 s[1]
a = 55.1 ≈ 55 m s−2[1] 31.8 ≈ 32 m; accept error carried
Upwards direction[1] forward from time in i[1]
Tangent drawn at t = 0.7 s and gradient of
11 a  c i 
The initial speed of the ball or the
graph determined[1] hot-air balloon is 15 m s−1[1]
a = 0.8 (±0.2) m s−2[1] ii The acceleration is in the opposite
b  cceleration is constant from t = 0 to
A direction to the initial speed of the
about t = 0.5 s[1] ball. or The acceleration due to gravity
is downwards and the ball initially
Acceleration decreases from t = 0.5 s[1] rises.[1]
Gradient constant from t = 0 to t = 0.5 s
v2 = u2 + 2as; 202 = 0 + 2 × 9.81 × s[1]
14 a 
and decreases from t = 0.5 s[1]
s = 20.4 ≈ 20 m[1]
c Area under the graph used[1]
b v = u + at; 20 = 0 + 9.81 × t[1]
Correct method, e.g. trapezium rule or
squares counted[1] t = 2.04 ≈ 2.0 s[1]
distance = 0.20 ± 0.01 m[1] c distance = 80 × 2.04 = 163 m ≈ 160 m[1]
d  andom errors: the points are either side
R
of the line[1]
Systematic errors: the whole line is shifted
up or down[1]

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may be different.

Coursebook answers
Chapter 3
3 × 10 −3 m
Exam-style questions 6 speed =
a  [1]
0.005 s
1 D[1] = 0.6 m s−1[1]
2 A[1] 6000 m
b speed = [1]
change in velocity
3 × 10 −3 s
3 average acceleration =
a  [1]
time = 2 × 109 m s−1[1]
70 8 × 10 −12 m
= = 140 × 103 m s−2[1] c speed = [1]
0.0005 4 × 10 −9 s
average force = mass × acceleration[1] = 2 × 10−3 m s−1[1]
= 14 000 × 0.046 = 6440 N or 6.4 kN to 2
sig. figs[1] 7 a i The Earth[1]
weight ii Upwards[1]
b mass = [1]
g
iii Gravitational force[1]
mass = 6440
9.8
≈ 660 kg[1]
4 weight = mass × g[1]
a  b i  he Earth or the ground under the
T
man[1]
weight = 70 × 1.6 = 112 N[1]
ii Downwards[1]
b resultant force = force up − force down[1]
iii Contact force[1]
= 500 − 112 = 388 N upwards[1]
resultant force 8 a i F = ma = 1100 × 1.5 = 1650 N[1]
c acceleration = [1]
mass ii 1650 + 600 = 2250 N (so that
= 388
70 = 5.54 m s upwards[1]
−2
resultant force is still 1650 N)[1]
5 a 
At first, the only force is the weight,[1] 1
but as its speed increases viscous drag b s = ut + 1
2
at2 = 2
× 1.5 × 102[1]
increases.[1] s = 75 m[1]
When viscous drag equals weight, the 9 a 
1.5 m s−1[1]
acceleration is zero and the speed is
b  onstant velocity is reached when weight
C
constant.[1]
= upward force due to air resistance[1]
b  ut rubber bands around the cylinder,
P Air resistance increases with speed.[1]
the same vertical distance apart along
the cylinder.[1] Air resistance is less than the weight of
the metal ball even at 2.5 to 3.0 m s−1[1]
Time the ball between the bands.[1]
c I nitial acceleration is acceleration due
When terminal velocity is reached, the
to gravity or 9.81 m s−2[1]
time taken between successive bands
will be constant.[1] Initially, neither ball has any air
Starting and stopping the stopwatch resistance.[1]
involves random error.[1]

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F = ma = 1200 ×
10 a  8
[1] b  or example, body moves to the Moon
F
2
or rises above the Earth[1]
F = 4800 N[1]
Amount of matter is constant, but force
b i 
kg m s−2[1] due to gravity is less on the Moon or at
ii kg m−1[1] altitude[1]
iii 4800 = b × 502[1] c Mass: kg[1]
b = 1.92 (kg m or N s m )[1]
−1 2 −2 Weight: kg m s−2[1]
iv drag force = 1.92 × 302 = 1728 N[1] 12 a 
For a body of constant mass, the
acceleration is directly proportional to
acceleration = (4800 − 1728)/1200 =
the resultant or net force applied to it.[1]
2.6 m s−2[1]
Directions of the acceleration and the
v Sketch graph showing increasing
resultant force are the same.[1]
gradient and force values marked at
speeds of 0 and 50 m s−1[1] b i 
It increases the time.[1]
 esistive force increases with speed,
R ii If time increases then acceleration
so resultant force and acceleration decreases.[1]
decrease.[1] Since F = ma, when acceleration is less,
11 a 
Mass is the amount of matter in a body.[1] the net force is less, and there is less
force between the ground and the
Weight is a force[1]
legs.[1]
due to gravity acting on the body.[1]

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may be different.

Coursebook answers
Chapter 4
Exam-style questions e  he contact force balances the
T
component of weight at 90° to slope[1]
1 C[1]
so, contact force = weight × cos 20°[1]
2 B[1]
4000 N
= 1.5 × 9.8 cos 20° = 13.8 N = 14 N to 2
sig. figs[1]
3 a 

drag
5 a 
horizontal component of tension in string
1 = tension × cos 60°[1]
4000 N = 1.0 × cos 60° = 0.50 N to the left[1]
[2]
horizontal component of tension in string
b Correct diagram to scale[1] 2 = tension × cos 30°[1]
= 6130 N (allow also calculation from = 0.58 × cos 30° = 0.50 N to the right[1]
components)[1] These components cancel, as there is no
4 a contact force resultant horizontal force.[1]
b v ertical component of tension in string 1
= tension × cos 30°[1]
friction
= 1.0 × cos 30° = 0.87 N upwards[1]
vertical component of tension in string 2
= tension × cos 60°[1]
weight
[2] = 0.58 × cos 60° = 0.29 N upwards[1]
b c omponent of weight down slope c  eight is balanced by upward
w
= weight × cos 70° or weight × sin 20°[1] components of tensions[1]
= 1.5 × 9.8 × cos 70° = 5.03 N = 5.0 N
 = 0.87 + 0.29 = 1.16 N = 1.2 N to 2 sig. figs

to 2 sig. figs[1]  [1]
c  riction balances the component of
F d 
weight down slope (as contact force is
1.0 N
at 90° to slope)[1]
weight
so, friction = 5.03 N up the slope = 5.0 N
to 2 sig. figs[1]
d uncertainty in angle = ±1°[1] 0.58 N
 [1]
Smallest and largest values of friction
force are 4.79 N and 5.27 N[1] e By Pythagoras’ theorem,[1]
so, uncertainty is (5.27 − 4.79)/2 = weight = 1.16 N = 1.2 N to 2 sig. figs[1]
0.24 N or ±0.2 N[1]

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6 component of F at 90° to lever = F sin 45°[1] ii net vertical force = 0

 oment of F about pivot = force × distance[1]
m vertical component of force at fixed end
= 2.0 × F sin 45° = 40 N m (from the question) + vertical component of T = weight
[1] vertical component of force at fixed
40 end + 294 sin 30° = 25 × 9.81[1]
so, F = = 28.3 N = 28 N to 2 sig. figs
2 sin 45ο vertical component of force ≈ 98 N[1]
[1]
10 a 
No net/resultant force[1]
7 Taking moments about the pivot[1]
No net/resultant moment[1]
3.3 × 0.100 + 7.6 × 0.060 = P × 0.080[1]
0.786 b i 
torque of the couple about the centre
P = [1] = 30 × 90 = 2700 N cm[1]
0.080
= 9.83 N = 9.8 N to 2 sig. figs[1] ii moment of force about the centre
8 a i  A couple is a pair of equal and = (T × 24) N cm[1]
opposite forces that act at different For equilibrium: 24T = 2700[1]
points.[1]
T = 113 ≈ 110 N[1]
ii The torque of a force about a point is 11 a 
The torque of a force about a point is
the product of the force and distance. the product of the force and distance.[1]
[1]
The distance is the perpendicular
The distance is the perpendicular distance of the force to the point.[1]
distance of the line of action of the
force to the point.[1] b t ension in string B = vertical component
of A = 8.0 sin 50°[1]
b i 
Rotation shown clockwise[1]
TB = 6.13 ≈ 6.1 N[1]
Force drawn forwards[1] tension in string C = horizontal
component of A = 8.0 cos 50°[1]
axle
force exerted
TC = 5.14 ≈ 5.1 N[1]
ground by road on wheels 12 a 
No rotation[1]
No movement/acceleration in any
ii Zero[1]
direction[1]
The car moves at constant speed. or
The wheel turns at a constant rate.[1] b Two tension forces in the cord[1]

iii force = torque = 200 = 690 N[1]

Closed triangle of forces or parallelogram
radius 0.29 of forces, including weight[1]
9 a 
The centre of gravity of an object is the
point where all the weight of the object[1] c i  vertical component = 45 sin 50° = 34.5
≈ 35 N[1]
may be considered to act.[1] ii weight = sum of vertical components
b i 
Taking moments about the fixed end = 2 × 34.5 = 69 N[1]
of the flagpole
tension in cord
sum of clockwise moments = sum of
anticlockwise moments weight of
picture
tension in cord
(25 × 9.81) × 1.5 = Tx[1]
where x = perpendicular distance of
the line of action of the tension from
the fixed end of the flagpole, given by
x = 2.5 sin 30° = 1.25 m[1]
(25 × 9.81) × 1.5 = T × 1.25[1]
25 × 9.81× 1.5
T= = 294 ≈ 290 N[1]
1.25

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Coursebook answers
Chapter 5
Exam-style questions 7 Rate at which work is done or work
a 
done/energy change per second[1]
1 B[1]
W[1]
2 B[1]
b kinetic energy = 1 × mass × velocity2[1]
3 Loss of gravitational potential energy →
a  2

gain in kinetic energy[1] gain in k.e.

c power = [1]
b Kinetic energy → heat (in the brakes)[1] time taken
1
× 1100 × 182
c  oss of gravitational potential energy →
L = 2 = 7130 ≈ 7.1 kW[1]
gain in kinetic energy[1] 25
4 a  horizontal distance moved = 0.5 × 16
i  8 i   vertical distance = 40 sin 5° = 3.49 m[1]
a 
= 8.0 m[1] p.e. lost = mgh = 90 × 9.81 × 3.49[1]
horizontal component of force = 3078 ≈ 3100 J[1]
= 200 cos 30° = 173 N[1] 1 1
k.e. increase = mv2 = × 90 × 122[1]
ii 
work done = 173 × 8.0 = 2 2
= 6480 J[1]
1.39 × 103 J ≈ 1.4 kJ[1]
b energy produced by cyclist =
i 
ii Weight acts at 90° to
6480 − 3078 = 3402 J [1]
displacement[1] energy
useful power output = =
so, work done = 0 J[1] time
3402
iii Contact force acts at 90° to [1]
displacement[1] 67
power = 50.8 ≈ 51 W[1]
so, work done = 0 J[1] ii Energy is wasted[1]
b 86.6 ≈ 87 W[1] as work done against friction in the
axle/chain or against air resistance.[1]
5 Truck: k.e. = 12 mv2 = 9.0 MJ[1]
Dust particle: k.e. = 12 mv2 = 14 MJ[1] 9 a 
Work is the product of force and
distance moved.[1]
The dust particle has greater kinetic energy
than the truck.[1] The distance moved is in the direction
of the force.[1]
6 a  gain in g.p.e. = mgh[1]
= 950 × 9.8 × 50 = 4.66 × 105 J ≈ 4.7 × 105 J b i 
As he falls, his potential energy
[1] decreases, his kinetic energy increases
work done and internal energy (thermal energy/
b time = [1] heat) is produced as work is done
power
against friction.[1]
4.66 × 105
t = = 116.5 ≈ 120 s[1] decrease in p.e. = increase in k.e.
4000
+ internal energy produced[1]
c wasted power = 2.9 kW[1]
wasted energy = power × time[1]
= 2900 × 116.5 = 3.4 × 105 J[1]

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ii 
Graph with axes labelled and Ep ii Gravitational p.e. is energy due to
decreasing linearly from 1000 J to 0[1] position in a gravitational field.[1]
Ek increasing from 0 when h = 0[1] Elastic p.e. is energy contained in a
Ek increases as a straight line to a stretched or squashed object. or When
value below 1000 J at h = 15 m[1] an object is raised above the Earth’s
surface its gravitational p.e. increases.[1]
1000 When a positively charged object
is brought near another positively
Ek charged object its electric p.e.
Energy/ J

Ep
increases.[1]
(Maximum [2])
b mass = density × volume
i 
= 1030 × 1.4 × 106 × 10.0 = 1.442 × 1010
15 h / m
≈ 1.4 × 1010 J[1]
k.e. = work done on body to increase
10 a 
speed from 0 to v = F × s[1] ii Water falls an average distance of
5.0 m when released through turbines.
since F = ma and v2 = u2 + 2as and u = 0,
p.e. lost = mgh =
s= v2
1.442 × 1010 × 9.81 × 5.0
2a
v2 1 (accept also use of h = 10 m)[1]
k.e. = ma × = mv2[1]
2a 2 p.e. lost = 7.07 × 1011 ≈ 7.1 × 1011 J
1 (or 1.4 × 1012 J if h = 10 used)[1]
b k.e. = mv2 = × 800 × 202 = 160 000 J
i 
[1] 2 iii energy output = 0.5 × (value in ii)
energy 160 000 = 3.5 × 1011 J (or 7.1 × 1011 J
power = = = 2.67 × 10 4
time 6 if h = 10 used)[1]
≈ 2.7 × 104 W[1] energy 3.5 × 1011 J
power = = (or
time 6 × 60 × 60
ii Air resistance increases (with speed).[1] 7.1× 1011 J
if h = 10 used)[1]
Net driving force less or more energy 6 × 60 × 60
(per second) wasted, so less available power = 1.64 × 107 ≈ 1.6 × 107 W (or
to increase k.e.[1] 3.3 × 107 W if h = 10 used)[1]
i   The potential energy of a body is the
11 a 
energy stored in the body by reason of
its position or shape.[1]

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Coursebook answers
Chapter 6
Exam-style questions 7 i  In an elastic collision, both momentum
a 
and kinetic energy are conserved.[1]
1 C[1]
ii In an inelastic collision, momentum is
2 B[1] conserved but not kinetic energy.[1]
3 D[1]
b c hange in momentum =
4  he law of conservation of momentum
T momentum after − momentum before[1]
applies if the Earth is considered to rise as = 0.35 × 2.5 − 0.35 × (−2.8) =
the ball falls. The momentum of the Earth 1.855 kg m s−1 ≈ 1.9 kg m s−1[1]
upwards equals the momentum of the ball
downwards.[1] c  hen the table (plus the Earth) is also
W
considered, then the initial momentum of
 he weight of the ball has an equal and
T
the ball is equal to the final momentum
upwards force on the Earth due to Newton’s
of the ball added to the momentum of
third law.[1]
the snooker table, and so momentum is
5 a  momentum of ball before striking wall conserved.[1]
= mass × velocity = 2 × 3.0 = 6.0 kg m s−1
towards the ball[1] 8 change in momentum =
a 
mass × change in velocity[1]
momentum after striking the wall
= 6.0 kg m s−1 away from the wall[1] = 1100 × (−24) = −26 400 N s ≈
−26 000 N s[1]
change in momentum of ball = 12 kg m s−1
away from the wall[1] change in momentum
b force = [1]
time
b  here is no change in kinetic energy as the
T 26 400
ball’s speed and mass are unchanged.[1] = = 1320 N ≈ 1300 N[1]
20
6 linear momentum = mass × velocity[1]
a  c average speed during braking = 12 m s−1[1]

b [units of mass] × [units of velocity] = so, distance travelled in 20 s = 12 × 20 =

kg m s−1[1] 240 m[1]
9 momentum = mass × velocity[1]
a 
Using v2 = 2as,
c 
= 0.10 × 0.40 = 0.040 kg m s−1[1]
v = ( 2 × 3.5 × 40 ) = 280 = 16.7 m s−1[1]
b  or each marble, component of
F
so, momentum = mass × speed
momentum in x-direction = half of
= 900 × 16.7, so momentum
original momentum = 0.020 kg m s−1[1]
= 1.5 × 104 kg m s−1[1]
0.020
so, momentum of one marble = cos 45°
d c ombined momentum to left
= 0.0283 kg m s [1]
−1
= 3.0 × 4.0 − 2.0 × 4.0 = 4.0 kg m s−1[1]
and velocity = 00.0283
.10
= 0.283 m s−1 ≈
combined mass = 8.0 kg[1] 0.28 m s [1]
−1

so, velocity after collision

c k.e. before = 12 mv2 = 12 × 0.10 × 0.402 =
4.0
= = 0.50 m s−1 to the left[1] 0.0080 J[1]
8.0
k.e. after = 2 × 12 × 0.10 × 0.2832 = 0.0080 J
[1]

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initial momentum of ball = 0.16 × 25

10 a  b i 
Momentum is conserved, as there
= 4.0 kg m s−1[1] are no external forces / the system
change in momentum = 4.0 − (−4.0)
 is closed.[1]
= 8.0 kg m s−1[1] Momentum of alpha-particle in one
change in momentum 8 direction must equal that of uranium
b force = = 0.003 [1]
time nucleus in the exactly opposite
= 2667 N ≈ 2700 N direction for the change to be zero.[1]
(This is the force on the ball but is equal ii 6.65 × 10−27 × vα + 3.89 × 10−25 × vx = 0
and opposite to the force on the bat.)[1] [1]
va
c The bat slows down.[1] iii  = −58.5 ≈ −58 or −59[1]
vx
The law of conservation of momentum 13 a 
Momentum and kinetic energy[1]
requires that the change in momentum
of the ball and of the bat are equal but in b momentum = 0.014 × 640 = 8.96 or
i 
opposite directions.[1] momentum ≈ 9.0 kg m s−1[1]
Energy is neither created nor destroyed, ii Bullets leave with momentum forwards
but thermal energy (heat/internal energy) and gun has equal momentum
and sound are created from the drop in backwards.[1]
k.e. (of the bat).[1] To stop motion/momentum of the gun,
The impact is non-elastic.[1] the soldier must provide a force.[1]
11 a 
The total momentum before the collision ∆p
iii F = ; 140 = n × 8.96[1]
is equal to the total momentum after the ∆t
interaction.[1] number of bullets per second = 15.6 or
15 or 16[1]
The system is closed or there are no
external forces acting.[1] 14 a

b final momentum = initial momentum

i  Change in Initial Final
0.35v = 0.25 × 30[1] momentum / kinetic kinetic
kg m s−1 energy / J energy / J
v = 21.4 ≈ 21 m s−1[1]
truck X 6.0 × 104 2.5 × 105 4.0 × 104
ii change in momentum
= 0.25 × 30 − 0.25 × 21.4[1] truck Y 6.0 × 104 1.5 × 104 1.35 × 105

change in momentum = 2.14 ≈ One mark for each correct change in

2.1 kg m s−1 or 2.15 ≈ 2.2 kg m s−1[1] momentum[2]
One mark for correct kinetic energy
iii change in total kinetic energy = 1
2 values for X[2]
1
× 0.25 × 302 − 2
× 0.35 × 21.42[1] One mark for correct kinetic energy
change in total k.e. = 32.4 ≈ 32 J[1] values for Y.[2]
iv The arrow stops and the ball moves b t otal initial k.e. = 2.65 × 105 J and total
off with a speed of 30 m s−1[1] final k.e. = 1.75 × 105 J[1]
Relative speed remains unaltered in Collision is not elastic, because the total
an elastic collision, 30 m s−1[1] k.e. has decreased in the collision[1]
∆p 6.0 × 10 4
i   The total kinetic energy before the
12 a  c force = = [1]
collision is equal to the total kinetic ∆t 1.6
energy after the collision.[1] 3.75 × 104 ≈ 3.7 or 3.8 × 104 N[1]
ii In a completely inelastic collision, the
maximum amount of kinetic energy is
lost (subject to the law of conservation
of momentum, which must be
obeyed).[1]

Cambridge International AS & A Level Physics – Sang, Jones, Chadha & Woodside
2 © Cambridge University Press 2020