Carbon : An important element

Exercises

Q. 1. Select the proper option and complete the statements

(single, all, double, ionic, carbon, give and take, hydrogen, multiple, share, most,
covalent)

A. A carbon atom forms a …… bond with other atoms. In this bond the two atoms
…. electrons.

B. All the carbon bonds in a saturated hydrocarbon ....…. electrons.

C. At least one carbon bond in an unsaturated hydrocarbon is ….

D. …. is the essential element in all the organic compounds?

E. The element hydrogen is present in …. organic compound.

Answer : A. A carbon atom forms a covalent bond with other atoms. In this bond the
two atoms share electrons.

Explanation: A carbon atom forms a covalent bond with other atoms

because its outer shell is half full as shown in the figure below:

In the covalent bond, sharing of electrons takes place. For example:

CH4
B. All the carbon bonds in a saturated hydrocarbon share electrons.

Explanation: The hydrocarbons having only single bonds between carbon atoms are
called saturated hydrocarbons. Saturated form covalent bond (by sharing of electrons)

C. At least one carbon bond in an unsaturated hydrocarbon is double.

Explanation: Some hydrocarbons have a multiple bond between two carbon atoms. A
multiple bond can be a double bond or a triple bond. Hydrocarbons having at least one
multiple bond are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.

For example, ethene

D. Carbon is the essential element in all the organic compounds.

Explanation: A carbon atom exhibits a characteristic property. It can form a chain of

carbon atoms by forming covalent bonds with other carbon atoms. Hence, it is the most
essential element in the organic compounds.

E. The element hydrogen is present in most organic compounds.

Explanation: Along with carbon, the element hydrogen is also included in most organic
compounds.
Q. 2 A. Answer the following questions

Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels?

Answer : A. Carbon and its compounds used as fuels due to the following reasons:

1. When most of the carbon and its compounds is burnt in air, it gives a lot of heat, light
and energy.

2. They have high calorific value. Thus, on burning in air, they give large amount of heat
and energy.

3. When saturated hydrocarbon (hydrocarbon having single bond) is burnt in air, less
smoke with a clean flame is produced.

Note: Calorific value is the amount of heat liberated in calories by the complete
combustion of a combustible material with oxygen.

Q. 2 B. Answer the following questions

In which compound forms does carbon occur?

Answer : Carbon occurs in crystalline forms, non-crystalline(amorphous) forms and in

hydrocarbons forms.

1. Carbon has three crystalline forms(allotropes) which are Diamond, Graphite and
Fullerene.

2. Coal, charcoal, coke are the non-crystalline forms of carbon.

3. The two types of hydrocarbons forms in which carbon occur are saturated
hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Q. 2 C. Answer the following questions

Write the uses of diamond.

Answer : Diamond is a crystalline form of carbon. Uses of diamond are the following:

1. Diamonds are used in making ornaments.

2. Diamonds are used in rock drilling and glass cutting machines.

3. To carry out eye surgery, diamond knives are used.

4. Diamond dust is used for polishing other diamonds.

5. Diamond is used to make windows giving protection from radiation in space and in
artificial satellites.

Q. 3. Explain the difference:

A. Diamond and graphite.

B. Crystalline and non-crystalline forms of carbon.

Answer : A. Difference between diamond and graphite:

B. Difference between crystalline and non-crystalline forms of carbon:

Q. 4. Write scientific reasons

A. Graphite is a conductor of electricity.

B. Graphite is not used in ornaments.
C. Limewater turns milky when CO2 is passed through it.
D. Biogas is an eco-friendly fuel.

Answer : A. Graphite is a good conductor of electricity due to the following reasons:

1. In graphite, carbon atoms are arranged in different layers.

2. In each layer, every carbon atom is linked to three neighboring carbon atoms.

3. Thus, the fourth electron of each carbon atom is free to move continuously within the
entire layer.

4. Because of the presence of these free electrons in different layers, graphite becomes
a god conductor of electricity.

B. Graphite is not used in ornaments due to the following facts:

1. For making ornaments, properties like transparency of substance, reflection of light

and hardness should be present.

2. But in graphite, all these properties are absent.

3. It is soft, brittle, black and slippery in nature.

4. Thus, it is not used in making ornaments.

C. When limewater (CaOH)2 is passed through CO2, the following reaction takes place:

(CaOH)2 + CO2→ CaCO3 + H2O

Limewater Calcium

Carbonate

1. In this reaction, when limewater comes in contact with the gas released in the form of
an effervescence, it turns milky. This is chemical test for carbon dioxide gas.

2. When limewater turns milky, it is confirmed that the effervescence is of carbon

dioxide.

D. Biogas is an ecofriendly fuel:

a. Animal dung, dry leaves, wet garbage get decomposed by anaerobic microbes in a
biogas plant.

b. This produces biogas (methane gas).

c. Biogas is a very cheap fuel option which is also used for cooking gas.

d. It is also used for production of an electricity.

e. Biogas contains about 55% to 60% methane and the rest is carbon dioxide.
f. Biogas is a very good manure and is convenient to use.

g. It is a very good manure.

Q. 5 A. Explain the following.

Diamond, graphite and fullerenes are crystalline forms of carbon.

Answer : A. Diamond, graphite and fullerene are the three crystalline forms of carbon.

1. A crystalline form has a definite and regular geometric pattern.

2. The structure of all the three crystalline forms has a definite shape, sharp edges and
plane surfaces.

Graphite Diamond Fullerene

3. Graphite has a hexagonal layered structure.

4. Diamond has a tetragonal three-dimensional structure.

5. Fullerene exists in the form of buckyballs and buckytubes.

Q. 5 B. Explain the following.

Methane is called marsh gas.

Answer : Methane gas is also called "marsh gas" because it is the product of decay in
swamps and marshes from organic material underwater and in the muck.
The main process for the production of methane is anaerobic digestion.

Q. 5 C. Explain the following.

Petrol, diesel, coal are fossil fuels.

Answer : Petrol, diesel, coal are fossil fuels because:

1. They are main source of heat and energy.

2. They release heat, light and energy when burnt in air.

3. They are formed from the decayed living organisms (plants and animals) that are
present in the earth’s crust.

Q. 5 D. Explain the following.

Uses of various allotropes of carbon.

Answer : Uses of various allotropes of carbon:

1. Diamond- It is used in making ornaments, rock drilling and glass cutting, artificial
satellites etc.

2. Graphite- It is used in pencils, paints, polish, for making carbon electrodes, lubricants
etc.

3. Fullerene- It is used as insulators, used as a catalyst in the water purification.

4. Coal- Coal is used in thermal power plants, used as fuel in factories and industries.

5. Coke- It is used as a reducing agent and a domestic fuel.

Note: Allotropes- Some elements occur in nature in more than one form. This property
of elements is called allotropy. The elements which show this property are called
allotropes.
Q. 5 E. Explain the following.

Use of CO2 in fire extinguisher

Answer : CO2 is used in fire extinguisher:

1. CO2 is filled under pressure in the fire extinguisher.

2. When we decrease that pressure, it becomes gaseous and comes out forcefully.

3. The carbon dioxide displaces the oxygen (a main cause of fire to burn)

4. By removing oxygen, we can put out a fire.

5. The reaction taking place:

Q. 5 F. Explain the following.

Practical uses of CO2.

Answer : Practical uses of CO2:

1. The most important use of CO2 is that plants use CO2 in the process of
photosynthesis.

2. Liquid CO2 is used as solvent in dry cleaning.

3. CO2 is used to make aerated drinks.

4. CO2 is used in fire extinguisher to remove oxygen.

5. Solid CO2 is used to keep milk and milk products cool while travelling.

Q. 6. Write two physical properties each.

A. Diamond
B. Charcoal
C. Fullerene

Answer : A. Two physical properties of diamond are:

1. Diamond is the hardest natural substance found in the earth and does not dissolve in
any solvent.
2. Diamond does not show any change when treated with acids/bases.

B. Two physical properties of Charcoal are:

1. Charcoal when burnt produces bad heat and energy. It is also a bad conductor of
electricity.

2. It is highly porous substance and has low density.

C. Two physical properties of Fullerene are:

1. Fullerenes dissolve in solvents like carbon disulphide (CS2) and chlorobenzene.

2. One molecule of fullerene contains around 30 to 900 carbon atom.

Q. 7. Complete the following Chemical reactions.

1. ........+.......→ CO2 + 2H2O + Heat

2. ...........+.........→ CH3Cl + HCl
3. 2 NaOH + CO2→........+........

Answer : 1. CH4 + 2O2→ CO2 + 2H2O + heat

Explanation:

When methane (CH4) is burnt in the presence of oxygen to form evolve a bluish flame.
In the above reaction, the methane burns completely.

2. CH4 + Cl2→ CH3Cl + HCl

Explanation:

Methane(CH4) and chlorine(Cl2) gases react with each other in presence of UV light and
form mainly methyl chloride (chloromethane – CH3Cl) and hydrogen chloride. This
reaction is called chlorination of methane.

3. 2NaOH + CO2→ Na2CO3 + H2O

Explanation: When aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide is passed through carbon

dioxide, it forms sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)

Q. 8 A. Write answers to the following in detail.

What are the different types of coal? What are their uses?

Answer : A. The different types of coal are peat, bituminous, anthracite and Lignite.
Peat- It is generally used as a fertilizer, as a packing material (due to its spongy nature).

Lignite- It is used in power generation (to generate electricity) and is used to create
fertilizer products like anhydrous ammonia and ammonium sulphate.

Bituminous- It is mainly used for the combustion for coke, tar, coal, chemical and coke-
oven gas. It is widely used for steam raising.

Anthracite- It is mostly used in metallurgical process and used in hand-fire furnaces.

Q. 8 B. Write answers to the following in detail.

How will you prove experimentally that graphite is good conductor of electricity?

Answer : Steps to prove that graphite conducts electricity:

Step 1: Take a pencil and sharp it from both sides.

Step 2: Now, take two clips and join each with their respective leads of the pencil.

Step 3: Also join a small bulb in the setup and connect it with a battery cell.

Step 4: Assemble the apparatus properly as shown in thee figure below.

Step 5: Start the electric current in the circuit.

Observations: You will observe that the bulb starts to glow as soon as the current is
applied. This proves that graphite is good conductor of electricity.

Q. 8 C. Write answers to the following in detail.

Explain the properties of carbon.

Answer : The properties of carbon are the following:

Carbon exists in two allotropic forms which are crystalline forms and another is non-
crystalline forms.

Q. 8 D. Write answers to the following in detail.

Classify carbon

Answer : In saturated hydrocarbons (having single bond), carbon can be classified into
primary carbon, secondary carbon, tertiary carbon and quarternary carbon.

Q. 9. How will you verify the properties of carbon dioxide?

Answer : Methods to verify the properties of carbon dioxide are:

1. By using limewater

Step 1: Take some limewater in a test tube.

Step 2: Take some baking soda in another test tube and add lemon juice to it. Fit the
bent tube over it.

Step 3: Insert its other end into the lime water.

Observations: We will observe that limewater turns milky as it comes in contact with
the released gas in the form of effervescence. When limewater turns milky, it is
confirmed that the effervescence released is of carbon dioxide gas.

The reaction taking place:

Ca(OH)2 + CO2→ CaCO3 + H2O

2. Sodium carbonate is formed when carbon dioxide is passed through an aqueous

solution of sodium hydroxide.

The reaction taking place:

2NaOH + CO2→ Na2CO3 + H2O

3. Sodium bicarbonate is formed on passing CO2 through an aqueous solution of

sodium carbonate.

The reaction taking place:

Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2→ 2NaHCO3