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Lecture4

The document covers fundamental concepts in antenna theory, including radiation power density, radiation intensity, beam width, and directivity. It explains the characteristics of isotropic sources and provides examples to illustrate the calculations of radiation intensity and directivity. Additionally, it discusses the comparative directivity of different antenna patterns and the importance of approximations in directivity calculations.

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2 views51 pages

Lecture4

The document covers fundamental concepts in antenna theory, including radiation power density, radiation intensity, beam width, and directivity. It explains the characteristics of isotropic sources and provides examples to illustrate the calculations of radiation intensity and directivity. Additionally, it discusses the comparative directivity of different antenna patterns and the importance of approximations in directivity calculations.

Uploaded by

DANTE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE 222 Antenna Theory and Design

Lecture 4

Antenna Fundamentals
(Radiation Properties)

Atif Shamim
EE 222 Introduction

§ Radiation Power Density

§ Radiation Intensity

§ Beam width

§ Directivity
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EE 222 Radiation Power Density
EE 222 Radiation Power Density

For applications of time-varying fields, it is often more desirable to find the average
power density which is obtained by integrating the instantaneous Poynting vector
over one period and dividing by the period.
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Re [Eejωt ] = 1/2 [Eejωt + E∗ e−jωt]


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Example 2.2
EE 222 Solution
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Radiation Power Density
Isotropic Source
An isotropic radiator is an ideal source that radiates equally in all directions.
Although it does not exist in practice, it provides a convenient isotropic
reference with which to compare other antennas. Because of its symmetric
radiation, its Poynting vector will not be a function of the spherical coordinate
angles θ and φ. In addition, it will have only a radial component. Thus the total
power radiated by it is given by
EE 222 Radiation Intensity
Radiation intensity in a given direction is defined as “the power radiated from
an antenna per unit solid angle.” The radiation intensity is a far-field parameter,
and it can be obtained by simply multiplying the radiation density by the square
of the distance.
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The total power is obtained by integrating the radiation intensity, as given


by (2-12), over the entire solid angle of 4π . Thus
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For the problem of Example 2.2, find the total radiated power using (2-13)
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The beamwidth of a pattern is defined as the angular separation between two identical points
on opposite side of the pattern maximum. In an antenna pattern, there are a number of
beamwidths. One of the most widely used beamwidths is the Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW ),
which is defined by IEEE as: “In a plane containing the direction of the maximum of a beam,
the angle between the two directions in which the radiation intensity is one-half value of the
beam.”
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Directivity of an antenna defined as “the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given


direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions.
Stated more simply, the directivity of a nonisotropic source is equal to the ratio of its
radiation intensity in a given direction over that of an isotropic source.
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As an illustration, find the maximum directivity of the antenna whose radiation intensity is
that of Example 2.2. Write an expression for the directivity as a function of the directional
angles θ and φ

Since the radiation


intensity is only a
function of θ , the
directivity as a
function of the
directional angles
is represented by
EE 222 Example 2.6

The radial component of the radiated power density of an


infinitesimal linear dipole of length l ≪ λ is given by

Wav = ar Wr = ar A0 sin2θ/ r2 (W/m2 )

where A0 is the peak value of the power density, θ is the usual


spherical coordinate, and ar is the radial unit vector.
Determine the maximum directivity of the antenna and
express the directivity as a function of the directional angles θ
and φ .
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Example 2.6
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Continued

Ao

Ao 3
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EE 222 Directivity Comparison

At this time it will be proper to comment on the results of


Examples 2.5 and 2.6. To better understand the discussion, we
have plotted in Figure 2.12 the relative radiation intensities of
Example 2.5 (U = A0 sin θ ) and Example 2.6 (U = A0 sin2 θ )
where A0 was set equal to unity. We see that both patterns are
omnidirectional but that of Example 2.6 has more directional
characteristics (is narrower) in the elevation plane. Since the
directivity is a “figure of merit” describing how well the radiator
directs energy in a certain direction, it should be convincing from
Figure 2.12 that the directivity of Example 2.6 should be higher
than that of Example 2.5.
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It is apparent that when sin−1 (1/1.67)1/3 = 57.44◦ < θ < 122.56◦ , the dipole radiator
has greater directivity (greater intensity concentration) in those directions than that
of an isotropic source. Outside this range of angles, the isotropic radiator has higher
directivity (more intense radiation). The maximum directivity of the dipole (relative
to the isotropic radiator) occurs when θ = π/2, and it is 1.67 (or 2.23 dB) more
intense than that of the isotropic radiator (with the same radiated power).

The directivity of an isotropic source is unity since its power is radiated equally
well in all directions. For all other sources, the maximum directivity will always be
greater than unity, and it is a relative “figure of merit” which gives an indication of
the directional properties of the antenna as compared with those of an isotropic
source. In equation form, this is indicated in (2-16a). The directivity can be smaller
than unity; in fact it can be equal to zero. For Examples 2.5 and 2.6, the directivity is
equal to zero in the θ = 0 direction. The values of directivity will be equal to or
greater than zero and equal to or less than the maximum directivity (0 ≤ D ≤ D).
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Where B is
a constant
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Directivity Calculation Approximation

Instead of using the exact expression of (2-23) to compute the


directivity, it is often convenient to derive simpler expressions,
even if they are approximate, to compute the directivity. These
can also be used for design purposes. For antennas with one
narrow major lobe and very negligible minor lobes, the beam
solid angle is approximately equal to the product of the half-
power beamwidths in two perpendicular planes as shown in
Fig. 2.14.
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