KEY CONCEPTS Indefinite

(ANTIDERIVATIVE AS PROCESS OF SUMMATION OR REVERSE PHENOMENON OF DIFFRENTIATING)

d
i.e
dx
 F(x)  C  f (x)   f (x) dx  F(x)  C
Function (Loving integrands ) Illustrati on
xn 1 ln x 2  1 
dx ;  e  ln x dx ;  ln  x  dx ; 
dx
1.( a )  x n dx   C, n  1 e ;
n 1 e  2 x
( ax  b ) n 1 ln 2 ln x m ln x x m 1
( b )  ( ax  b ) n dx  C  e dx ;  e dx   C, m  1;
a ( n  1) m 1
n   1, n  R ln x ln 2 x ln 2 1
 2 dx   x dx  ln 2  1  C
x 4  x 4  2 dx x dx x dx
 dx ;  3  2 x ;  a  bx ;  x 2  2 x  1
1 x3
2.( a )  x dx  ln x  C 2 x 3 dx (1  x) 3
 x 2 3x 10 dx ;  ; dx ;
dx l n ( ax  b ) 2 x 3  2 x 3 x
(b)   C
ax  b a x
 x 2  5x  6
e ax  b 2 x 1  5 x 1
3.( a )  e x dx  e x  C;  e ax  b dx  C  dx ;  a x · e x dx ;  ( 2 x  3 x ) 2 dx ;
a 10 x
a px  q e  e5x
3x

r
( b )  a x dx ;  a px  q dx  a0  e x  e  x dx ;  a · b dx
mx nx
p ln a

4.  sin x dx   cos x  C
1
 sin( ax  b) dx   a cos( ax  b )  C
sicos x  cos 2 x
 1  cos x dx [ Ans. (2 sin x  x )]
2 2 3
4
 1  sin x ;  cos 2 x cos 3x dx ;  sin x dx ;

4
 sin 2 x · cos x dx ;  sin x dx ;  cos x dx ;  cos x dx ;
.B
 cos x dx  sin x  C cos 5 x  cos 4 x 1
1  1  2 cos 3x dx [Ans. ( sin x  2 sin 2 x )];
 cos( ax  b ) dx  a sin( ax  b)  C
cos 3 x  sin 3 x
 cos x  sin x dx ;  sin x  dx
G

5.  sec 2 x dx  tan x  C dx cos 2 x  2 sin 2 x 1  cos x x

;
 1  cos x  2
dx ;  dx   tan 2
2 1 cos x 1  cos x 2
 sec (ax  b ) dx  a tan( ax  b )  C cot 2
x dx ; sec 2
x cosec 2
x dx ; cot 2
x cos 2
x dx
  
@

2
 cosec x dx   cot x  C 2
 (cot x  cos x )dx ;
2

2 1 2 2 2 2
 cosec x dx   a cot( ax  b)  C  tan x sin x dx   (tan x  sin x ) dx
a sin 3 x  b cos 3 x cosec x  tan 2 x  sin 2 x
6.  sec x tan x dx  sec x  C  ; dx ;
sin 2 x cos 2 x sin x
 cosec x cot x dx   cosec x  C dx sin x 3
 1  sin 3x ;  cos 2 x (1  3 sin x ) dx
dx dx 1 x x 2  cos 2 x 2 x2
7.  1 x2 ;  a2  x2 tan 1
  x 2  1 · cosec x dx ;  1  x 2 dx ;
a a
dx dx 1 x x4 dx
 1  x 2 ;  a 2  x 2  sin a  1  x 2 dx ;  9  4 x 2
dx dx 1 1 x dx dx
 x x 2  1 ;  x x 2  a 2  a sec a  ( 2 x  7 ) ( x  3)( x  4) ;  ( x 2  4 x  4)( x 2  4 x  5)
General: In each case, find a function f satisfying the given conditions.
(a) f '(x2) = 1/x for x > 0, f (1) = 1; (b) f '(sin2x) = cos2x for all x, f (1) = 1
(c) f '(sin x) = cos2x for all x, f (1) = 1
1 2 1 1 1
[Ans.(a) f (t)=2 t – 1 if t > 0, (b) f (t)= t – t + if 0  t  1, (c) f (t) = t – t3 + if | t |  1]
2 2 3 3
 Indefinite

Notes on indefinite integration:

1. Geometrical interpretation
x2
y =  2 x dx  C
2
y =  f ( x ) dx = F(x) + C
 F ' (x) = f (x) ; F ' (x1) = f (x1)
Hence y =  f ( x ) dx denotes a family of curves such that the slope of the tangent at
x = x1 on every member is same. i.e. F ' (x1) = f (x)
(when x1 lies in the domain of f (x))
hence antiderivative of a function is not unique. If g1(x) and g2(x) are two
antiderivatives of a function f (x) on [a, b] then they differ only by a constant
i.e. g1(x) – g2(x) = C
(2) Antiderivative of a continuous function is differentiable
i.e. If f (x) is continuous then  f ( x ) dx = F (x) + C  F ' (x) = f (x)  F ' (x) is

r
always exists  F (x) is differentiable
(3)

i.e. e.g. x
1 3
si
If integrand is discontinuous at x = x1 then its antiderivative at x = x1 need not be
discontinuous.
dx . Here x–1/3 is discontinuous at x = 0.
.B
1 3 3 23
but  x dx  x  C is continuous at x = 0
2
d
G

(4) If F(x )  C = f (x)   f ( x ) dx  F(x )  C then only we say that f (x) is integrable.
dx
(5) Antiderivative of a periodic function need not be a periodic function
@

e.g. f (x) = cos x + 1 is periodic but  (cos x  1) dx = sin x + x + C is aperiodic.

Types of Integration

Substitution By part Partial Kuturputur &

(product rule) (fraction) Misc.
SUBSTITUTION:

Example:
 tan x  dx  ln sec x  C   ln(cos x)  C;
 (cot x) dx  ln(sin x) (loving integrals)
 x 
 sec x dx  ln (sec x  tan x)  C or ln tan 4  2   C; (loving integrands)
x 
 cosec x dx  ln(cosec x  cot x) or ln tan 2  C 
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 Indefinite

Trigonometric Functions:

4 2
1 1  1 3
1.
n m
 sin x .cos x dx ; 2.  sin x cos x dx [Ans.  x  sin 4x   sin 2x  C ]
16  4  48
General Substitution :

a 2  x 2 ; x = a sin  




a 2  x2 ; x = a tan  


x2  a 2 ; x = a sec  

a 2  x2 2 2 
x = a cos 
a 2  x2

r

dx
2
x a 2
 ln  x  x 2  a 2  & 
 
dx
2
x a 2  si
 ln x  x 2  a 2  (loving integrals)

.B
Theory: If f (x) and g (x) are derivable functions then
d
[f (x).g(x) ]  f (x).g'(x)  g(x).f '(x)
G

dx
  f (x).g'(x) dx = f (x) . g (x) –  g(x).f '(x) dx
I II
@

I=  f
( x)·g
( x) dx
I II
= 1st function  integral of 2nd   (diff. co-eff. of 1st)  (integral of 2nd) d x
Remember ILATE for deciding the choice of the first and second function which is not
arbitrary.

Two Classic Integrands :

x x
(a)  e f (x)  f (x)dx  e f (x)  C & (b)  f (x)  xf (x)dx = x f (x) + C

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 Indefinite

Techniques of Partial Fraction (Discuss the rules of splitting a given fraction)

dx 1 ax dx 1  x a 
Loving Integrands   ln   &  x 2  a 2  2a ln x  a 
a2  x2 2a  a  x 

Type 1: Manipulating Integrands: (Kuturputur)

dx dx x7
1. 
x(x n  1)
 x(x 2 1) ; 2.  (1x 2 )5 dx ;
Type 2 : Forcing integrand by part
dx 4x 3 1
1.  (x 4 1) 2  . dx
(x 4 1) 2 4x 3
 
II I

5x 2  12
Type 3 :  dx

r
2 2
x  6x  13 

ax
put 5x2 – 12 = A(x2 – 6x + 13) + B(2x – 6) + C

Integrals of (*)  e sin(bx  c) dx or e

ax
si
cos(bx  c) dx (* Discuss three different ways)
.B
* 1. Integrate  e ax sin bx dx
2x
2. Assume e cos 3x dx = e2x(Acos 3x + B sin 3x) and then differentiate both sides.
G

ax ax
3. Use Euler's equation Let P= e cos bx dx and Q = e sin bx dx ,
ax
·e ibx dx = (aib)x
@

hence P + iQ = e e dx
1 a  ib ax
P + iQ = e(a+ib)x = 2 e (cosbx + i sin bx)
a  ib a  b2
(ae ax cos bx  be ax sin bx)  i(ae ax sin bx  be ax cos bx)
=
a 2  b2
e ax (a cos bx  b sin bx) e ax (a sin bx  b cos bx)
–P= Q=
a 2  b2 a 2  b2

Integrals of the Type of : (Trigonometric functions)

dx dx dx
Type  1  absin 2 x  abcos2 x  asin 2 xbcos2 xcsinxcosx
dx dx dx
Type  2  absinx  abcosx  absinxc cosx

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 Indefinite

Type3  a sin x  b cos x  c dx; d r

N r  AD r  B D C
 sin x  m cos x  n dx
x 2 1 x 2 1
Type4:  x 4 kx 2 1 dx or  x 4 kx 2 1 dx

INTEGRATION OF IRRATIONAL ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION

dx
Type1 (a)  ( > ) (Start: x =  cos2 +  sin2)
(x) (x)(x)
dx dx
(b)   (x  ) (Start: x =  sec2  tan2)
(x)(x) (x  ) (x  )
[Ans. 2ln  x   x   C] 

r
5 x x2
dx (Start 2 cos2 + 5 sin2) [Ans. (x  2)(5  x)  3cos 1

Type  2
(c)  x2
dx
 (axb) pxq ; Put p x + q = t2 ; e.g. 
sidx
(2x 1)  4x  3
3
]
.B
dx 1 dx
Type  3  (ax  b) px 2  qx  r ; Put a x + b = t ; e.g.  (x 1)  1 x  x 2
G

dx dx
Type  4  (ax 2 bx c) ; Put px + q = t2 ; e.g.  x 2  5x  2
pxq x2
dt
@

Note : this reduces to 2 

t  9t 2 16
4

dx
Type  5  (ax 2  bx  c)
px 2  qx  r
Case I When (ax2 + bx + c) breaks up into two linear factors, e.g.
dx
I =  2 then
(x  x  2) x 2  x 1
 A B  1 dx dx
=   x  2  x  1 dx = A   B
x2  x  1 (x  2) x 2  x 1 (x 1) x 2  x 1
     
put x21/ t put x11/ t

Case II If ax2 + bx + c is a perfect square say (lx + m)2 then put lx + m = 1/t
dx 1
Case III If b = 0; q = 0 e.g.  (ax 2 2
 b) px  r
then put x = or the trigonometric
t
substitution are also helpful.

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