Induction Motors & Synchronous

Machines
23EE4PCISM
4th Sem, 2022-26 Batch
Unit 1
Course Coordinator: Dr .V.Champa
Dept of EEE
BMSCE

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Text Books and Reference Books

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Text Books and Reference Books(contd.,)

• Text Books:
• 7. Theory and Performance of Electrical Machines-J.B.Gupta
• 8.A Textbook of Electrical Technology –Vol-II- B.L Theraja
• Transformers and Induction Machines –U.A.Bakshi and M.V.Bakshi

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Course Outcomes

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Course Content

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Dr V.Champa,EEE, BMSCE
INTRODUCTION
• The three phase induction motor is the most widely used electrical
motor. Almost 80% of the mechanical power used by industries is
provided by three phase induction motors because of its simple and
rugged construction, low cost, good operating characteristics, the
absence of commutator and good speed regulation.
• In three phase induction motor, the power is transferred from stator
to rotor winding through induction. The induction motor is also called
asynchronous motor as it runs at a speed other than the synchronous
speed.

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• Like any other type of electrical motor induction motor, a 3 phase
induction motor is constructed from two main parts, namely the rotor
and stator:
• Stator: The stator, a stationary part of the induction motor, contains
the stator windings where the three phase supply is applied.
• Rotor: The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor. The rotor is
connected to the mechanical load through the shaft.

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• Shaft for transmitting the torque to the load. This shaft is made up of
steel.
• Bearings for supporting the rotating shaft.
• One challenge with electrical motors is heat production during
operation. To mitigate this, a cooling fan is essential.
• For receiving external electrical connection Terminal box is needed.
• There is a small distance which is present between rotor and stator
which usually varies from 0.4 mm to 4 mm. Such a distance is called
air gap.

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Dr V.Champa,EEE, BMSCE
Stator Frame
• Outer part of the three phase induction motor -made up of die-cast
or fabricated steel.
• Main function is to support the stator core and the field winding. It
acts as a covering, and it provides protection and mechanical strength
to all the inner parts of the induction motor.
• should be strong and rigid as the air gap length of three phase
induction motor is very small. Otherwise, the rotor will not remain
concentric with the stator, which will give rise to an unbalanced
magnetic pull.

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Stator Core

• The main function of the stator core is to carry the alternating flux.
• Stator Core is laminated. – to minimize eddy current loss, These
laminations are made up of number of silicon steel stampings having
about 0.4 to 0.5 mm thickness .
• Silicon steel minimizes the hysteresis loss
• All the stamping are stamped together to form stator core, which is
then housed in stator frame.

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Stator Winding or Field Winding

• The slots on the periphery of the stator core of the three-phase

induction motor carry three phase windings.

• three phase ac applied to this three-phase winding which is

connected either in star or delta depending upon the type of starting
method.
• Squirrel cage motor -is delta connected.
• Slip ring three-phase induction motor - connected either in star or
delta.
• When this stator winding is excited by three phase ac supply, it
produces a rotating magnetic field.

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Stator Windings

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Stator Windings
• The rotor of the three phase induction motor are further classified as
• Squirrel cage rotor
• Slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor.
• Depending upon the type of rotor construction used the three phase
induction motor are classified as:
• Squirrel cage induction motor
• Slip ring induction motor or wound induction motor or phase wound
induction motor.

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Types of Three Phase Induction Motor
Classification based on Rotor Construction

• Squirrel Cage Three Phase Induction Motor

• Slip Ring Induction Motor

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 Types of Three Phase Induction Motor (contd..,)
Squirrel Cage Three Phase Induction Motor
• The rotor of the squirrel cage three phase induction motor is cylindrical and have slots
on its periphery.
• The slots are not made parallel to each other but are bit skewed (skewing is not
shown in the figure of squirrel cage rotor besides) to prevent magnetic locking of
stator and rotor teeth- smooth and quieter.
• The slots are used to house aluminum, brass or copper bars which are rotor
conductors and are placed in the slots on the periphery of the rotor.

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 Squirrel Cage Three Phase Induction Motor
• The rotor conductors are permanently shorted by the copper, or
aluminum rings called the end rings. To provide mechanical strength,
these rotor conductors are braced to the end ring and hence form a
complete closed circuit resembling like a cage and hence got its name
as squirrel cage induction motor.
• As end rings permanently short the bars, the rotor resistance is quite
small, not possible to add external resistance as the bars get
permanently shorted.
• Squirrel cage three-phase induction motor very simple and robust
and hence widely used three phase induction motor.

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 Squirrel Cage Three Phase Induction Motor

Advantages and Applications of Squirrel Cage Induction Rotor

• Its construction is very simple and rugged.
• As there are no brushes and slip ring, these motors requires less maintenance.
• Used in lathes, drilling machine, fan, blower printing machines,BMSCE
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Slip Ring or Wound Rotor Three Phase Induction Motor
• The rotor has number of slots and rotor winding (connected in star or
delta) are placed inside these slots. The three end terminals are
connected together to form a star connection.

• Rotor is wound for the same number of poles as that of the stator,
but it has less number of slots and has fewer turns per phase of a
heavier conductor.

• As its name indicates, three phase slip ring induction motor consists
of slip rings connected on the same shaft as that of the rotor.

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Slip Ring Rotors

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Slip Ring or Wound Rotor Three Phase Induction Motor (contd..,)

Advantages & Applications of Slip Ring Induction Motor

• It has high starting torque and low starting current.
• Possibility of adding additional resistance to control speed.
• used where high starting torque is required Dr V.Champa,EEE,
i.e in hoists,BMSCE
cranes, elevator
Slip Ring or Wound Rotor Three Phase Induction Motor (contd..,)

• The three ends of three-phase windings are permanently connected

to these slip rings.
• The external resistance can be easily connected through the brushes
and slip rings and hence used for speed controlling and improving the
starting torque of three phase induction motor.
• The brushes are used to carry current to and from the rotor winding.
These brushes are further connected to three phase star connected
resistances.

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Dr V.Champa,EEE, BMSCE
Differences Between Slip Ring & Squirrel Cage Induction Motor (Contd.,_

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Rotating Magnetic Field

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Rotating Magnetic Field

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Rotating Magnetic Field

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Rotating Magnetic Field

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Dr V.Champa,EEE, BMSCE
Dr V.Champa,EEE, BMSCE
Dr V.Champa,EEE, BMSCE
Synchronous Speed

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• Speed = [Revolutions / min] =[Revolutions / (second/60)]

= 60X 1/(Cycles/revln)X (Cycle/Second)

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Slip of an Induction Motor

Can the Rotor Speed become =Ns?

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Significance of Slip
• If N=Ns, then Nrel=(Ns-N)=0 (dφ/ dt)=0
So Rotor emf E2 =0 ; therefore I2 =0 , rotor flux φ2 =0
Eventually Torque developed =0
• But in practice, Rotor slows down; Slip= non-zero positive value
Now since Nrel ≠0, again E2 starts increasing developing I2 giving rise to
φ2.
This cycle repeats until a steady value of slip is developed depending on
the torque.
For every load, there is a definite T and a corresponding value of slip s.

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Significance of Slip
• For stable operation as TL increases , developed torque also should
increase and hence s.
• With increasing s, N should fall.
• As the load on the motor increases N falls and s increases.

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Frequency of the Rotor EMF

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Frequency of Rotor EMF

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In a nutshell

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Expression for Rotor Current

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Expression for Rotor Impedance and Power Factor

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Expression for Rotor EMF (Standstill & Running conditions)

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Rotor Circuit

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Rotor Circuit and Phasor Diagrams

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Dr V.Champa,EEE, BMSCE
Expression for Torque in an Induction Motor

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Power Equations of 3 Ph IM

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Power Equations of 3 Ph IM

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Power Equations of 3 Ph IM

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Power Equations of 3 Ph IM

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Power Equations of 3 Ph IM

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Power Equations of 3 Ph IM

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Dr V.Champa,EEE, BMSCE
Power Equations of 3 Ph IM

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Torque of an Induction Motor

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Torque of an Induction Motor (in terms of rotor emf)

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Condition for Maximum Torque of an Induction Motor

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Condition for Maximum Torque of an Induction Motor

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Magnitude of Maximum Torque in an Induction Motor

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Maximum Torque and its significance

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Dr V.Champa,EEE, BMSCE
Dr V.Champa,EEE, BMSCE
Torque –Slip Characteristics of an Induction Motor

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Torque –Slip Characteristics of an Induction Motor (contd.,)

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Torque –Slip Characteristics of an Induction Motor (contd.,)

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Torque –Slip Characteristics of an Induction Motor

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Torque –Slip Characteristics of an Induction Motor (contd.,)

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Full Load Torque

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Full Load Torque

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Torque Ratio

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Torque Ratio- TFL / Tmax

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Dr V.Champa,EEE, BMSCE
Torque Ratio- Tst / Tmax

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Torque Ratio- Tst / Tmax

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Tst/Tmax Ratio

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Speed Torque Characteristics

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Effect of Change in Rotor Resistance

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Effect of Change in Rotor Resistance(contd.,)

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Effect of Change in Rotor Resistance(contd.,)

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Effect of External Resistance on Maximum Torque

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Effect of External Resistance on Maximum Torque

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