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chapt 12 helping

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16 views17 pages

chapt 12 helping

Uploaded by

Noor Shahzad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Helping

Why we help?
• Some peoples help to get back help in exchange.
• While some do with Altruism.
• Altruism is selfishness in reverse.
• An altruistic person is concerned and helpful even when no benefits
are offered or expected in return.
• There are many reasons `which define why we help.
1. Social Exchange and Social
Norms
• According to this, social behaviour is the result of an exchange process.
• REWARDS that motivate helping may be external or internal.
• Rewards may also be internal. Helping also increases our sense of self-worth.
• Sometimes egoism also works as inner reward and motive.
• Egoism is a philosophy concerned with the role of the self, or ego, as the
motivation and goal of one's own action.
i-INTERNAL REWARDS
• Guilt Distress is not the only negative emotion we act to reduce.
• Exceptions to the feel bad–do good scenario
• Feel good, do good
1. Social Exchange and Social
Norms
II- SOCIAL NORMS
• The Reciprocity Norm: An expectation that people will help, not hurt,
those who have helped them.
• Social Capital: The mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social
network.
• The Social-responsibility Norm: expectation that people will help
those needing help. Like Earthquake in Turkey or floods in Pakistan.
• Gender And Receiving Help: Women offered help equally to males and
females, whereas men offered more help when the persons in need
were females.
2. Evolutionary Psychology
• Kin Protection: Our genes dispose us to care for relatives.
• Kin Selection: The idea that evolution has selected altruism toward
one’s close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes.
• Reciprocity is a social norm of responding to a positive action with
another positive action, rewarding kind actions. The giver expects
later to be the getter. Failure to reciprocate gets punished.
• Reciprocity among humans is stronger in rural villages than in big
cities.
Comparing Theories of Altruism
When Will We Help?
• 1. Number of Bystanders
• i-Bystander effect
• The finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are
other bystanders.
• A person who is present at an event or incident but does not take
part.
• Sometimes the victim was actually less likely to get help when many
people were around.
• Ex. Kevin Carter, Vulture and dying child
When Will We Help?
• ii-NOTICING
• iii-. INTERPRETING
• Once we notice an ambiguous event, we must interpret it.
• iv-ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY
• v-Similarity: Because similarity is conducive to liking, and liking is
conducive to helping, we are more empathic and helpful toward
those similar to us.
Who Will Help?
• 1. Personality Traits
• For many years social psychologists were unable to discover a single
personality trait that predicted helping with anything close to the predictive
power of situational, guilt, and mood factors.
• Modest relationships were found between helping and certain personality
variables, such as a need for social approval.
• But by and large, personality tests were unable to identify the helpers
• Those high in self-monitoring are attuned to others’ expectations and are
therefore helpful if they think helpfulness will be socially rewarded.
• Others’ opinions matter less to internally guided, low-self-monitoring people.
Who Will Help?
• 2. Gender
• The interaction of person and situation also appears in 172 studies
that have compared the helpfulness of nearly 50,000 male and female
individuals.
• It was reported that when faced with potentially dangerous situations
in which strangers need help (such as with a flat tire or a fall in a
subway), men more often help.
• In safer situations, such as volunteering to help with an experiment or
spend time with children with developmental disabilities, women are
slightly more likely to help.
Who Will Help?
• 3. Religious Faith
• Almost every religion believe on helping others and humanity.
• The world’s four largest religions—Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and
Buddhism all teach compassion and charity.
• Like Ansar and Muhajireen in the state of Madinah.
• The Story of Abdul Sattar Edhi.
• Ruth Pfau as left Germany and worked in interior Sindh
• Mother Tresa
How Can We Increase Helping?
• 1. Reduce Ambiguity, Increase Responsibility
How Can We Increase Helping?
• 2. Guilt and Concern for Self-Image
• i- TEACHING MORAL INCLUSION
• ii-MODELING ALTRUISM
• Iii-LEARNING BY DOING
• iv- LEARNING ABOUT ALTRUISM
• v- ATTRIBUTING HELPFUL BEHAVIOR TO ALTRUISTIC MOTIVES
• When the justification for an act is more than sufficient, the person may attribute
the act to the extrinsic justification rather than to an inner motive.
• By providing people with just enough justification to prompt a good deed
(weaning them from bribes and threats), we may increase their pleasure in doing
such deeds on their own
How Can We Increase Helping?
• v- ATTRIBUTING HELPFUL BEHAVIOR TO ALTRUISTIC MOTIVES
• When the justification for an act is more than sufficient, the person
may attribute the act to the extrinsic justification rather than to an
inner motive.
• By providing people with just enough justification to prompt a good
deed (weaning them from bribes and threats), we may increase their
pleasure in doing such deeds on their own
How Can We Increase Helping?
• 3. Socializing Altruism
• Example of charity for cancer hospital
• door-in-the-face technique
• A strategy for gaining a concession. After someone first turns down a
large request (the door-in-the face), the same requester counteroffers
with a more reasonable request.

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