Derivatives

Concept of derivative
Let y = f ( x ) be a continuous function in its domain.
x is the increment in independent variable x , y is the corresponding increment in
dependent variable y.
y = f(x)
y + y = f ( x + x )
y = f ( x + x ) – f ( x )
y f ( x  x )  f ( x )

x x [ Incrementary ratio ]
Leibnitz definition of derivative:- The limit of incrementary ratio as the increment in
independent variable (x ) tends to zero is called the derivative of y w.r.t. x and it is
𝑑𝑦
denoted by𝑑𝑥 , provided this limit exist.
𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝛿𝑦
= [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥 → 0 𝛿𝑥
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
[𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥 → 0 𝛿𝑥
For convenience, replacex by h, so as x 0, h 0
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
[𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [ ]
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
This formula is known as first principle of derivative or definition of derivative

Formulae of standard functions and rules:

Derivative of Algebraic Function:

d n d 5
i) ( x )  nxn 1 e.g. ( x )  5x4
dx dx
d 1
ii) ( x) 
dx 2 x

iii)
d
x   1
dx
d
iv) (k )  0
dx

Derivative of Exponential Function:

i)
d x
dx
 
a  a x . log a e.g.
dx
 
d x
3  3x. log 3

ii)
d x
dx
e   ex

Derivative of Logarithmic Function:

 iii)
d
loga x   1 e.g.
d
log2 x   1
dx x. log a dx x. log 2

iv)
d
log x   1
dx x

Derivative of Trigonometric Function:

i)
d
sin x   cos x
dx

ii)
d
cos x    sin x
dx
iii)
d
tan x   sec2 x
dx
iv)
d
cot x    cos ec2 x
dx
v)
d
sec x   sec x. tan x
dx
vi)
d
cos ecx    cos ecx. cot x
dx

Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Function:

i)
d
sin 1 x  
1
dx 1 x2
1
ii)
d

cos1 x  
dx 1 x2

iii)
d
dx

tan 1 x   1
1 x2
1
iv)
d
dx

cot1 x   1 x2
v)
d
sec1 x  
1
dx x x2 1
1
vi)
d

cos ec1 x  
dx x x2 1

Rule for Differentiation:

i) Sum/Difference :
d
u  v   du  dv
dx dx dx

ii) Scalar Multiplication :

d
ku   k du
dx dx

iii) Product :
d
u  v   u  dv  v
du
dx dx dx
 du dv
v  u
d u dx dx
iv) Quotient :  
dx  v  v2

 Composite Function
In standard formulae in LHS in place of x if there is f( x ) then use the same formulae ,
replace x by
𝑑
f( x ) in RHS & multiply by [𝑓(𝑥)] or f’(x) .
𝑑𝑥

 Inverse trigonometric function

Type I : Inv. Tri ( any fun ) Type II : Inv. Tri ( tri. fun ) Type III : Inv. Tri (
Diff. wrt x Simplify by using alg. fun )
simplify. trigonometric Make the substitution
formulae Simplify
Diff. w.r.t. x . Diff. w.r.t. x .

 Derivatives of inverse function

dy
If x = f( y ) then to find
dx
dx
i) Diff. w.r.t. y , we get .
dy
dy 1
ii) Take the reciprocal 
dx dx
dy

 Implicit functions
dy
If f( x , y ) = 0 then to find
dx
i) Diff. w.r.t. x .
dy
ii) Solve for .
dx

 Logarithmic differentiation.
If given function y = f( x ) is of the type
i) Product of more than two functions or
ii) Quotient of functions [containing radical sign or fractional index ] or
iii) Function raised to a function
dy
Then to find
dx
 Step1. Take log on both side.
Step2 . Simplify by using laws of logarithm.
Step3. Diff. w.r.t. x
 Derivatives of parametric functions.
dy
If x = f( t ) and y = g( t ) then to find
dx
i) Diff. w.r.t. t (parameter)
dy
dy dt
ii) Take the ratio 
dx dx
dt
Derivative of one function w.r.t. another function.
Derivatives of one function [ u ] w.r.t. another function [ v ]
du
If u & v are functions of x then then to find
dv
du dv
i) Diff. w.r.t. x , we get & .
dx dx
du
du dx
ii) Take the ratio  .
dv dv
dx
 Second order differentiation.
If y = f( x ) be the function then differentiate y w.r.t. x we get
dy
[ first order derivative ]
dx
dy
If is diff. w.r.t. x then we get
dx
d2y
[Second order derivative]
dx 2