2 Nutrition in Animals

Let's Learn

Nutrition in animals Nutrition in amoeba

Types of heterotrophic nutrition Nutrition in ruminants

Steps in nutrition Nutrition in human beings

Tune In

We feel tired when we walk, run, swim or perform any physical activity. We often feel like
eating something after a heavy workout or a jog. This is because our body needs energy to
perform any activity. Have you ever wondered from where the body gets energy?

Introduction
All living organisms need nutrients
live and grow. Food is the source of energy for
to
living
organisms to perform different activities. The food taken in by an organism is broken down
into simpler substances that can be absorbed by the body and provide nutrition. Nutrition is
defined as the process of obtaining food and its utilisation
by the body.
In the previous chapter, we have learnt that
green plants have the ability to produce food by
the processof photosynthesis. This mode of nutrition is known as autotrophic nutrition and
green plants are known as autotrophs. All other organisms
depend directly or indirectly on
green plants for their nutrition

Nutrition in Animals
Unlike green plants, animals cannot make their own
food. They depend either
on other animals for their food. This
mode of nutrition is known as
on plants or

and these animals are known heterotrophic nutrition

as
heterotrophs.
Types of heterotrophic Nutrition
There are four main types of heterotrophic nutrition:
Holozoic nutrition
holozoic nutrition, animals consume the solid or liquid food
In
which is later broken down in
the body. Animals that follow holozoic nutrition are divided
into the following types based on
theirfood habits Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores.

16
 Herbivores eat only green plants. Cows, deer, camels are
examples of heroivores.
Carnivores feed only on the flesh of other animals. Lions,
tigers, cheetahs are carnivores.
Omnivores feed on both plants and other animals. Bears and
are also
pigs are omnivores.
iuna
omnivores, as we can
consume plant and animal
foods from both sources. Fooas
Obtained from plant sources include vegetables, fruits, cereals, pulses etc. Food obtained
from animal sources include
eggs, fish, meat and milk.

Herbivore (deer) Carnivore (tiger) Omnivore (bear)

Fig 2.1: Classification of animals based on their food habits

Parasitic nutrition
Animals that live inside or outside the body of other

animals and obtain nutrition from there are called

parasites. This mode of nutrition is called parasitic

nutrition and the animal in/on which the parasite lives is
harmed in this process. For example, a leech is a parasite
is
that feeds on human and animal blood. A tapeworm Fig 2.2 Parasite (tapeworm)

that lives in the intestines

of other animals.
a parasite
Saprotrophic nutrition
matter are called saprotrophs and the
dead and decaying organic
Organisms that feed on
nutrition. ungi and bacteria are saprotrophs.
called saprotrophic
mode of nutrition is

Symbiotic Nutrition
association with other plants or animals ande
organisms enter into a symbiotic obtain
Some
them. Both the organisms involved are benefitted in symbiosis Er
their nutrition from
found in the
Or numans aid in the
intestines digestion of food arn
example, bacteria
obtain their nutrition from the digested food. Rhizobium bacteria living in the root nodules

htain hutrition from the plant

their nutrition
obtain their plant and in turn help to fix
and

of lequminous
plants atmospheric
can be utilised by the plant.
that
nitrogen

1
e arerences between the different types of heterotrophic nutrition are summarised in the

flowchart (Fig 2.3)

the whole solid or liquid food which is

The animal consumes

then broken down or digested into simpler substances.

The useful substances are absorbed by the body.
Holozoic
nutrition The undigested and harmful substances are thrown out of the

body.
Example All herbivores, carnivores and omnivores

An organism known as a parasite, associates itself with another

animal, known as a host to obtain nutrition.
The host is harmed in this process while the parasite is
benefitted.
Parasitic
nutrition When a parasite lives inside the body of the host, it is known
as an endoparasite. Example Hookworms and tapeworms

Parasites that attach themselves to the outside of the host

body or suck and feed on the blood of the host are known
as ectoparasites. Example mosquitoes, ticks, mites and
leeches

Saprotrophic An organism that obtains nutrition from non-living organic matter.

nutrition
Example bacteria, fungi such as bread moulds

An association between two organsims in which both are

benefitted.
Symbiotic
nutrition Example- bacteria found in the human intestine, the
nitrogen-fixing bacteria Rhizobium and the root nodules of
leguminous plants.
Fig 2.3 Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition

Steps in nutrition
The food eaten by animals needs to be digested and broken down into
simple soluble forms
that can be utilised by the body.
There are five steps of nutrition in animals -

ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and

egestion.

18
Ingestion
The process of
consuming food is known as
ingestion. Some ways in Ingestion
which animals ingest food are:
Humans and other animals
ingest food through the mouth.
Paramoecium has hair-like cilia that Digestion
pushes food into the cell.
Frogs and chameleons have long sticky tongues to catch their
prey. Absorption
Butterflies suck nectar from flowers with a long tube called
proboscis
Assimilation
Digestion
The food eaten by an animal is broken down further into smaller
Egestion
parts so that it can be absorbed by the body. This process of breaking
Nutrition
down food into small and simple compounds to be absorbed by the Fig 2.4 Steps in
body is known as digestion.

Absorption
The
to all parts of the body.
The digested food contains nutrients and has to be transported
from the digested food and carrying them to all parts of the
process of extracting nutrients
body is known as absorption.
Assimilation
from the food are utilised for growth, repair and maintenance of the
The nutrients absorbed
known as assimilation.
body. This process is

Egestion substances from the food, the undigested food alona

nutrients and useful
After absorbing Ihis process is known as egestion.
is excreted trom the body.
with waste material

Check Your Progress

*

Name the following.

1. Organisms that obtain foodfrom non-living organic matter,

of nutrition in which food is consumed.
2. The first step

3.
Animals that feed only on green plants. oott9u( q

The long tube used by butterfilies to suck nectarfrom flowers. o c

4.
Nutrition in Amoeba
Amoebae are unicellular organisms found in freshwater bodies such as streams, lakes and
rivers. They feed on microscopic organisms like protozoa and algae found in these water
bodies.
The single cell of the organism is surrounded nucleus, food vacuole
by a cell membrane. The
and contractile vacuole are present in the cytoplasm of the cell.

An amoeba constantly changes its shape to form finger-like projections called pseudopodia.
(amoeba derives its namefrom the Greek word 'amoibe which means change).
of food and locomotion are the two main functions of the
Capturing
surround the food particle and
pseudopodia. The pseudopodia
engulf it into the body. The food particle is digested with help
of hydrolytic
enzymes in the food vacuole and then assimilated. This process of
food particle and engulfing a
breaking down inside a cell is known as phagocytosis. The undigested
it
food is then excreted out of the cell
through the contractile vacuole.
Cell Nucleus
membrane Contractile vacuole
(excretes water and
waste)
Pseudopodia
Food being engulfed
Cytoplasm Food vacuole by pseudopodia
(digests food)
Fig 2.4: Nutrition in amoeba
Check Your Progress

Answer the following.

1.
Name the process by which an amoeba engulfs food.
Phajo
2. Give two examples of organisms on
3.
which an amoeba feeds. hudl
List the
organelles present in the cytoplasm of an amoeba.
.4. Two functions of pseudopodia.

Nutrition in Ruminants
Animals such as cattle, sheep, goats,
hay. Grass and hay
antelopes, giraffes
and deer feed
predominantly
contain cellulose, a mainly on grass and
down during digestion. Human carbohydrate that is difficult to break
beings and many other animals
stomach of animals that digest cellulose is divided cannot digest cellulose. The
into four chambers
omasum and abomasum. rumen, reticulum,

20
These animals store the food in the rumen and bring it back again into the moutn ror cieWg
Animals that regurgitate the food stored in the known as ruminanS. InE s
rumen are P
ot storing food in the rumen and requrgitating it to the mouth is known as rumination.

intestine omasum
oesophagus

rumen reticulum

abomasum
Ruminants
Fig 2.6:Nutrition in
for a short time
mixed with saliva
A r u m i n a n t chews the plant
material hurriedly. This food is in
Bacteria present
of the stomach where it is stored.
and then swallowed. It enters the
rumen

the r u m e n secrete digestive enzymes to digest the cellulose. This

the food to separate into solid and liquid parts.

The rumen and the reticulum cause
the mouth for chewing,
known as cud. The cud is sent back to
solid part is several
partially digested into smaller parts. This process
can o c c u r

with saliva and ground

where it is mixed

the absorption of
excess
times. for
which is responsible
onto the and
omasum

The food is then passed it produces various digestive enzymes

true stomach as
a b o m a s u m is the animals. The digested
food
water. The the stomach of other
in structure to
food. It is similar nutrients are absorbed.
digests the most of the
small intestine where
passes
into the connected pouch
by a large
ruminant are
intestine of a
intestine and the large further digest the cellulose.
The small contains many
bacteria which can
caecum
The
known as
caecum.
other waste materials.
excreted along with
food is then
The undigested

Check Your Progress

Answer t h e following.

ruminants. u UmdJo la
1. Nameany two C
the four chambers of theruminant stomacn.
s(U
,
stomach
nown
is also known as
as true
stomach? C
true stomach?
o
Which part of the ruminant
3
What is cud?o.o
u
4.
Nutrition in human beings
The food that we eat is digested and assimilated by the human digestive system. The human

digestive system is made up of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs.

The alimentary canal is also known as the digestive tract. Food passes through the alimentary
canal that begins at the buccal cavity and ends at the anus. The parts of the alimentary canal
are the mouth and buccal cavity, the pharynx, the oesophagus, the small intestine, the large
intestine, and the anus. The accessory digestive organs include the liver, the pancreas and the

salivary glands.

Mouth and buccal cavity

Food is ingested through the mouth. Physical
digestion and chemical digestion both take place
in the mouth. The buccal Tongue-
cavity (also known as the Mouth -Buccal cavity
mouth cavity or oral cavity) contains the
tongue and -Pharynx
teeth and leads to the pharynx. Oesophagus

Physical digestion in the mouth and buccal Liver

cavity
Physical digestion or mechanical digestion is the Stomach
Pancreas-
physical breaking down of food into smaller
pieces. -Small intestine
Our teeth help in the mechanical digestion of food. -Large
Mastication is the mechanical grinding of food into Rectum intestine
Anus
smaller pieces by teeth; it is
essentially a technical Fig 2.7: Human digestive
system
word for "chewing". Mastication breaks down food so
that it can go
to the stomach. Breaking down food into
through the oesophagus
smaller pieces also increases its
surface area so that
digestive enzymes can continue to break it down more
efficiently.
Teeth
Teeth are responsible for breaking down the food into smaller pieces and
mixing it with saliva
Human beings normally have two sets of teeth
during their lifetime. The first
set of teeth
develop between the ages of six months and three years. They are
known as deciduous teeth
or milk teeth and are 20 in number. AS the
jaws grow and expand, they are
replaced one by
one by the permanent teeth which are 32 in number.
Structure of a Tooth
-Enamel
Each tooth consists of the Crowh
following parts:
FDentine
Crown The part Pulp
of the tooth that is visible above the Gums
gums. Root
canal
Root The unseen Root
portion that supports and holds Bone
the tooth in
place. Nerves
Pulp-The soft core richly supplied with blood vessels and blood
and nerves. vessels
Fig 2.8: Structure ofa tooth
A tooth IS made up of a bone-like hard structure called dentine. The dentine is covered witn
a hard, shiny covering known as the enamel. Enamel is the hardest substance in our
body
Types of Teeth
Incisors
The teeth on one side of the jaw are a mirror Canine
image of those located on the opposite side. Canine
There are four types of teeth in adult humans: Premolars Premolars
Incisors: There are eight incisors; four at
Molars
Molars
the top-center of our mouth and four at
the bottom-center. They are flat, with a
chisel-like sharp edge and help to bite and
cut food into small chewable pieces.
L Fig 2.9: Types of teeth
four canines one on each side of the incisors. They are sharp, pointed
Canines: There are

in tearing the food.

and help
either side of the canines in each jaw. They
Premolars: There are eight premolars; two on
it from the front teeth to the molars for chewing.
food and move
help crush, grind
premolars in the upper and lower jaw. They
are
12 molars, next to the
Molars: There are

chew food into small, easily consumable pieces.

broad, flat, strong and
Types of teeth

Canines Premolars Molars

Incisors

help to crush, 2
grind and move to chew food
and
help to bite
help in tearing the food from the into small, easily
cut food into
small chewable
food front teeth to consumable
the molars for pieces
pieces
chewing
Fig 2.10 Tpes of teeth

23
 Bacteria are
naturally present in our mouth. They act on
the food Let'sdiscuss
particles present in the gaps between our teeth It is advised to go for regular
and form a sticky
yellowish layer on the teeth known as dental checkups.
plaque.
The sugar and starch in the food items are converted to acids
by the plaque. These acids
Corrode the enamel and
may cause tooth decay and cavities. In order to
of plaque and tooth prevent the formation
decay, we must brush our teeth twice a day to remove all residual
particles. Flossing between the teeth also food
prevents the formation of plaque. It is important to
visit the dentist for
regular checkups.
Activity 1
Aim: To study different types of teeth.
Materials: Mirror
Procedure:
Wash your hands well and
count your teeth while
Write down your
looking into the mirror.
observation in the table given below.
Now run your
tongue over each tooth and try to
mouth. identify the different teeth in your
Record your observation in the
table given below.
Observation:
Types of teeth Number of teeth in total
Incisors Functions
Canines
Premolars
Molars
Conclusion: There are in four
types of teeth in
humans incisors, canines, premolars
andmolars.

Chemical digestion in the mouth and

buccal cavity
The breakdown of food into simpler nutrients the
by action of
enzymes is known as chemical
digestion. Chemical digestion in the mouth takes
secreted by the salivary glands place due to the action of the
enzymes

24
Salivary glands
The salivary glands secrete saliva in the mouth. An enzyme amylase present in the saliva
breaks down the starch present in food into simpler forms. Enzymes are biological catalysts
that speed up chemical reactions in the body. The mucus present in saliva makes food slimny

and slippery so that it can be easily swallowed.

Activity 2

Aim: To study the effect of saliva on food.

test tubes (2), iodine solution, marker pen,

: Materials: spoon, boiled rice, water, beaker,
:two glass rods

Procedure:
marker pen.
Mark the test tubes as A and B with the help of a it. Stir
3-5ml of water to
test tube A and add
ake one tablespoon of boiled rice in
the mixture with a glass rod. of water to
chewed rice in test tube B and add 3-5ml
Take one tablespoon of
boiled
rod.
it. Stir the mixture with a glass the colour change.
tubes and observe
iodine solution to both the test
Add 2 drops of

:Observation:
Test Tube
Color change

Test tube "A"

Test tube "B"

starch present in food to simple sugars.

down the
Conclusion: Saliva breaks

Check Your Progress

Answer the following.

the starch present in food?
in the saliva acts
on
present
Which enzyme
1 take place in mouth?
two types of digestion
Which
humans?
four types
of teeth in adult
Name the
3. teeth in adult humans?
number of permanent
what is the

Tonguee at the base of the mouth. It is one of the strongest+

c a
organ found
muscular
The tongue ar hody. The
The tongue has specialised cells called taste buds which help us to
body.
in our

the food around the mouth

and directs the particles that need
muscles
moves
tongue
food. The
taste

25
further chewing towards the molars. It mixes the food with saliva. Food is converted to a soft
mass called bolus in the buccal cavity which is then swallowed down the food pipe.

Pharynx
The mouth and the nose open into the pharynx. The pharynx is a cone-shaped passageway
for both food and air. The food swallowed by us passes through the pharynx before entering
the food pipe. The air inhaled from the nose also passes through the pharynx and enters the
wind pipe.
A flap of cartilage called the epiglottis prevents the food from entering the wind pipe. When
we breathe, the epiglotis opens up to allow the air to pass into the wind pipe. When we
Swallow food, the epiglottis closes to prevent the food from entering the wind
pipe.
Oesophagus
It is a 25long muscular tube which runs from the mouth to the stomach. It is also known
cm
as the food pipe. The muscles
present in the walls of the oesophagus contract and relax to
produce wave like movements called peristalsis. Peristalsis
stomach.
helps in pushing the food into the

Activity 3
Aim: To understand the process of peristalsis.
Materials: Nylon tights/socks, scissors, a soft
round object like a ball or balloon that fits
: exactly into the sock/tights
:Procedure:
Cut section of nylon tights
a
or socks such that it
is open at both ends.

Take the small round

object that fits exactly into
the sock/tights.
Hold the tights/sock with the small
round object
at one end in hand.
your (the ball/object should fit
exactly into the sock so that it does not fall down
due to gravity)
With your hands, push the round object through the
observation. socks/tights. Note down your
Observation:
pressure.
The round object has to be
pushed down the socks by
applying repeated
Conclusion: The oesophagus contracts in a similar manner to
further towards the stomach. push the swallowed food

26
Stomach
It is a muscular thick-walled bag that pid You Know?
Did You
receives the partially digested food from the
muscle surrounding
the
Sphincter is a ring of
oesophagus. It plays an important role in and serving to guard or
close an opening
chemical digestion of food. Gastric juices such as the anus or the openings
ora tube,
occur
secreted by the stomach contain hydrochloric of the stomach. Heartburn can
fails to close
acid and an enzyme called pepsin. Pepsin helps when the lower sphincter
to stomach acids
in the breakdown of proteins into amino acids. completely, allowing
irritate the tissues
in
the partially travel upwards and
Hydrochloric acid mixes with
provides the oesophagus.
digested food from the mouth and
environment necessary for digestion
the acidic present in
the food
and other microorganisms
control the bacteria
of food. It also helps to effects of the acids.
stomach protects it from the corrosive
The m u c o u s lining of the digested food
and converts the partially
stomach churns the
food with the gastric juices
The
mass known as chyme.
into a thick semi-fluid

Epiglottis up
Bolus of
food

Tongue Epiglottis Glottis down

up and open
Pharynx
Glottis Epiglottis
Larynx- down -Relaxed
Trachea Glottis up muscles
and closed Contracted
To lungs To stomach
Oesophagus
muscles
Relaxed

muscles

Stomach

mouth to the stomach

Movement of food from the
2.11
Fig

Liver situated in the upper part of the abdomen. It is

coloured organ
reddish brown
The liver is bile which is
a stored
functions. It secretes
and carries out many
the largest gland of the body the small intestine. Bile playsa role in diogestion
before it is released into
gall bladder
in the
emulsification
of fats.
by

27
Pancreas
he pancreas is a gland located in the abdomen. It secretes the pancreatic juice which containg
enzymes that help in the digestion of food in the small intestine. The enzymes present in the
pancreatic juice mainly help in the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins

Small intestine
The secretions from the liver, gal! bladder and pancreas are released into the smail intestine

through a duct known as the common bile duct

The small intestine is 6-7m long with a diameter of about 3-4 cm and is accommodated nside
the body in a highly coiled manner. It is the longest organ of the digestive tract. It is divde
into three segments duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
The small intestine the
is main organ of the digestive tract where the complete digestion of
food and absorption of nutrients takes
place. The chyme from the stomach that enters the
small intestine is mixed with the
pancreatic juice secreted by the pancreas bile secreted by
the liver and the intestinal
juice secreted by the small intestine.
Absorption in the smal intestine
The mucous lining of the small intestine has millions of
The villi are
finger-like projections known as
vill
surrounded by blood capillaries. Their
main function is to increase the surface area
available for the absorption of nutrients from the
digested food.
The simple soluble nutrients obtained from the
from the walls of the small intestine
digestion of food absorbed by
are
diffusicn
into the blood
to the different
stream. These nutrients are then carried
parts of the body by the blood. These aubstances are
then absorbed and
assimilated by the body cells and are used
to produce
energy for various activities.
undigested food from the small intestine then
passes into the large intestine
The

Large intestine
The large intestine is a wide tube about
15 metres in lengtht is divided into three
Did You Know?
regions-the caecum,
the colon and the
rectumThe The
The main function of the
large intestine is the the large intestine is actually shorter than
intestine actui
is

absorption of water from the undigested small intestine The

intestines are
The excess water and salts are absorbed in food.named
named on their width and notwidth and
not their length
the The surface area of
large intestine and the remaining the smail intestine s
food is stored in the rectum before it is undigestedactually
about the
size
of a tennis court
passed
out of the body. The food is stored in the
rectum as semi solid
faeces

28
Anus
it is the opening at the end of the alimentary canal through which the solid waste matter

(faeces) leaves the body.

Mouth / buccal cavity

food is mastictaed by the teeth, the tongue mixesfood with saliva and salivabreaks down starch into simpe
sugars. Food is converted into a soft mass called bolus.

Pharynx
The food swallowed by us passes through the pharynx before entering the food pipe (oesophagus).

Oesophagus
Peristalsis helps to push the food into the stomach.

Stomach

Food is churned and broken down by the gastric juice to form chyme

Small intestine chyme.

intestinal juice act on the
the pancreas and
Bile secreted by the liver, pancreatic juice secreted by
the blood stream
Absorption of nutrients into

Large intestine
salts
Absorption of water and
and eventually eliminated
out of body through the anus.
stored in the rectum
Undigested food is
The Process of digestion
Fig 2.12

Check Your Progress

Answer the following.

small intestine.
Name the parts of the
1.
function of the epiglottis?
2. What is the
function of the villi?
3 What is the
in the breakdown of proteins into amino acids?
Which enzyme helps
4.

Word Galaxy

an associat between two organisms in which both are

Symbiosis:
benefitted.

of obtaining food and its utilisation by the bodv

Nutrition: the process
dgocytosis: the process in which a cell or particle is ingested or engulfed by another
living cell
Pseudopodia: finger-like projections formed by amoeba
Engulf: sweep over (something) so as to surround it it
or cover completely
Ruminant: animals that store food in the rumen and bring it back into the mouth for
chewing again
Rumen: the first chamber of the ruminant
stomach
Buccal cavity: the mouth
cavity or oral cavity that contains the tongue and the teeth and
leads to the pharynx
Enamel: a hard, shiny
covering present on the dentine of teeth
Plaque: sticky yellowish layer formed on the teeth due to the
a

particles by bacteria degradation of food

Mastication: the mechanical
grinding of food into smaller pieces by teeth
villi:finger like projections that increase the surface area of
Peristalsis: the wave-like movements caused
absorption in the small intestine
of muscles by the involuntary contraction and relaxation
Chyme: the semi-solid mass of partially digested food
expelled from the stomach

At a Glance

Nutrition can be defined as the process of

obtaining food and its
utilisation by the body.
There are two modes of nutrition -

autotrophic nutrition and

heterotrophic nutrition.
Holozoic nutrition, parasitic nutrition,
the different types of
saprotrophic nutrition and symbiotic nutrition are
heterotrophic nutrition.
Holozoic nutrition is a nutrition in which an animal
consumes solid or liquid food
later broken down or digested by the which is
body into simpler substances. Herbivores, carnivores
and omnivores follow holozoic nutrition.
There are five steps in nutrition: ingestion,
digestion, absorption, assimilation and
Amoebae use pseudopodia for ingestion of food. When egestion.
an amoeba senses food material,
it surrounds the food particle with its
pseudopodia and engulfs the particle.
Animals that regurgitate food stored in rumen are known as
ruminants. The stomachs of
ruminants have four chambers rumen, reticulum, omasum and
abomasum.
The human digestive system is made up of the
alimentary canal and accessory digestive
organs
The alimentary canal is made up of the mouth or bucal cavity, the pharynx, the
oesphagus
the stomach, the small intestine, the large intestine and the anus.

30
The accessory digestive organs include the liver, the pancreas and the salivary glands
Food is converted into a bolus by mechanical and chemical digestion in the mouth.
The bolus enters the oesophagus through the pharynx and moves into the stomacn oy
peristalsis.
The food is converted into chyme in the stomach by the action of gastric juices
The complete digestion of food takes place in the small intestine by the action of bile,

pancreaticjuice and intestinal juice.

The absorption ofwater and salts take place in the largeintestine.
eliminated through
The undigested food in the form of faeces is stored in the rectum and
the anus.

Let's Exercise

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

acids.
a. cOvertsproteins to amino
i. Nitric acid i. Amylase
iv. Acetic acid
ii. Pepsin
visible above the gums
is the O
The part of the tooth that is
b.
ii. root
i. pulp
iv crown
ii. dentine o n cellulose.
animals feeding
special chamber present in
is a
C. m9in ii. Duodenum

iRumen iv. Rectum

ii. Jejunum Soeo

undigested food is excreted out of the cell through

d. In amoeba, the vicontractile vacuole

i. cytoplasm iv. food vacuole

ii. pseudopodia
brackets.
with the words given in the
2. Fill in the blanks in amoeba. (Villi/Pseudopodia)
are the finger-like projections
a.
secreted in the stomach of human beings. (HydYochloric
b.
g CaPacid is
acid/Acetic acid)
and nerves is known as the
with blood vessels
C.The soft core
of a tooth richly suppied
(pulp/dentine)
food into the stomach. (phagocytosis/
Vouol movement helps in pushing
d.
peristalsis)
3. State whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F).
a. n ruminants, the omasum is not responsible for the absorption of excess water.

b. Enamel is the hardest substance in our body.

C.The caecum connects the small intestine and the large intestine of a ruminant.

d. Production of bile is one of the important functions of the gall bladder

4. Match the following.
Column A Column B
a. Bile i. peristalsis
b. Oesophagus ii. breakdown of fats
C. Mouth ii. breakdown of proteins to amino acids
d. Stomach iv. salivary amylase
O.
5. Answer the
following in one word or one sentence.
a. Which enzyme present in saliva acts on starch?
b. Where is bile stored?
C. Which glands present in the mouth help in the breakdown of food?
d. Which group of animals have a four-chambered stomach?
e. Which finger-like projections are found on the inner lining of the small intestine?
6. Answer the following questions in brief.
What is
a.
Phagocytosis?
b. What is holozoic nutrition?
C. What are the different chambers of a ruminant's stomach?
d. Name the
glands which help in the digestion of food in the small
7. Give reason.
intestine of humans.

a.
Hydrochloric acid does not corrode the lining of the stomach.
b. It is advisable to brush our teeth twice a
day.
8. Answer the
following questions in detail.
a. Explain parasitic nutrition with examples.
b. Write a note on the small intestine and its role in
digestion of food.
C. Explain the steps in nutrition.
d. What is the function of the large intestine in the digestion of food in human beings?

32
9. Diagram based question
a. Label the
diagram of the human digestive system given below

teeth, their functions and

flowchart on the types of permanent
b. Complete the given
total number.
Types of teeth

Incisors

bite and
help to
cut food into
small c h e w a b l e

pieces.

33
10. Practical based question.
Take two testtubes A and Band add a few pieces of potatoes into both the tubes. Adda
few drops of water to each test tube. Now add the digestive enzyme amylase to test tube B
After 30 mins add iodine solution to both the test tubes. Observe the color change in
both the test tubes and record your observations in the table given below. What can you
conclude from this activity?
Observation:
Test Tube Colour of iodine solution Conclusion

11.Value based question.

Radhika was eating very fast and
gobbling her food. Her friend, Anushka asked her to slow
down and chew her food.
Do you agree with Anushka?
Justify your answer. What values were shown by Anushka?
12. Life skills.
Visit nearby dentist and find out the different steps we should follow to maintain
a
oral
hygiene and have healthy teeth. Prepare a presentation on your findings.
13. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills)
Why is it recommended to include green leafy vegetables and salads in
our diet?

My Project Idea
.

****
***''''****''''**''**''''****'''**''''''"***'.***'*'***''********* **.

Make model of the digestive system

a 3D
using the
materials given below. Arrange the materials as
shown in
the figure to create a model of the human digestive system
Materials required -

one metal can, empty water bottle,

used fruity tetra pack, two transparent pipes, two used
washing machine pipes, empty tooth paste, empty glue
stick

..... ... e* * ************ ********'*'*****'"e****"******* * .

34
14. Field trip.
Visit a nearby hospital and find out about the work done by a gastroenterologist and a

nutritionist. Prepare a one page report on the diseases cured by them and organs relatea

to those diseases

Meet the Scientist

Dr.William Beaumont, born in theyear 1785, in Connecticut,

United States of America was a surgeon in the U.S. army
On June 6, 1822, a man named Alexis St. Martin, was shot
in the stomach from a close range and this injured his ribs
and his stomach. Although St. Martin survived, he developed
hole in his stomach that fully healed. Dr.
a gaping never

Beaumont took this unique opportunity to observe the

digestive processes through the hole in St. Martin'sstomach.

Dr. Beaumont began to perform various experiments on

discoveries about
digestion St. Martin. These experiments led to many important
on
muscular
found that gastric acid and
the human digestive system. Dr. Beaumont
made by
to the many discoveries
contractions of stomach digest the food. Owing

Dr. Beaumont, he is considered as the "Father of Gastric Physiology"

********************************.

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