Animal Kingdom

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 Key Takeaway

Characteristics of
animals 1
Levels of organisation
Symmetry
Germ layer organisation
Coelom
Segmentation
Notochord
Circulatory system
Digestive system
2 Classification of animals

Phylum Porifera 3
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 Key Takeaway

Phylum Coelenterata 4
5 Phylum Ctenophora

Phylum Platyhelminthes 6
7 Phylum Aschelminthes

Phylum Annelida 8
9 Phylum Arthropoda

Phylum Mollusca 10
11 Phylum Echinodermata

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 Key Takeaway

12 Phylum Hemichordata

Phylum Chordata 13
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Cyclostomata
Class Chondrichthyes
Class Osteichthyes
Class Amphibia
Class Reptilia
Class Aves
Class Mammalia

Summary
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 Classification of Animals

● Classification of animals is important as the diversity of animals is huge.

● It also helps in assigning a systematic position to newly discovered species.

Basis of classification

Respiratory
Symmetry Coelom Notochord
system

Levels of Germ layer Circulatory

Segmentation
organisation organisation system

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 Levels of Organisation

● Cellular level of organisation: In lower

animals such as sponges, cells aggregate
Levels of organisation
together to exhibit cellular level of
organisation.
● Tissue level of organisation: Cells which Organ system
perform similar functions are grouped
together to form tissues (E.g. - Coelenterates). Organ
Tissue
• Organ level of organisation: Several tissues
together form the organ (E.g. - members of Cell
Platyhelminthes)
● Organ system level of organisation: Several
organs combine to form the organ system
(E.g. - humans).

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 Symmetry

Symmetry refers to a correspondence of body parts, in size, shape and relative position, on
opposite sides of a dividing line or distributed around a central point or axis.

Radial Bilateral Asymmetry

● Body can be divided into ● Body can be divided into ● Body cannot be divided into
two identical halves in any identical two halves in two equal halves in any plane.
plane passing through the only one plane. ● E.g., sponges (irregular).
centre. ● E.g., goat.
● E.g., starfish.

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 Germ Layer Organisation

● Germ layer is a layer of cells in an embryo.

● It contributes to the formation of all organs and tissues.

Germ layer organisation

Diploblastic Triploblastic

External ectoderm Ectoderm

Mesoglea Mesoderm
Internal endoderm Endoderm

Coelenterates Platyhelminthes to chordates

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 Coelom

● A body cavity present between the alimentary canal and body wall.
● The cavity is lined externally by mesoderm.

Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Eucoelomate

Platyhelminthes Aschelminthes Annelida to chordata

● Organisms that do not ● Organisms which have a ● Organisms that have coelom
have coelom cavity, but it is not lined ● For e.g. - Human beings
● For e.g. - Flatworms by the mesoderm
● For e.g. - Roundworms

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 Segmentation

● Based on the absence or presence of segments in their body, the organisms

are classified into- segmented and unsegmented.
● In organisms like earthworm, the body is divided into segments with serial
repetition of some organs. This type of segmentation is known as
metameric segmentation.

Metameric segmentation in
earthworm

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 Notochord

● Derived from the mesoderm

● Rod-like structure on the posterior side of the embryo
● Found during embryonic development

Chordates
Animals with
notochord
Notochord

Non-chordates
Animals without
notochord

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 Circulatory and Digestive System

Based on the number of openings, digestive system is classified as:

● Complete digestive system: Separate opening for mouth and anus
E.g. - Aschelminthes to chordates.
● Incomplete digestive system: One common opening for mouth and anus
E.g. - Platyhelminthes.

Based on the presence and absence of blood vessels, circulatory system is

classified into:
● Open circulatory system: Blood pumped from heart directly bathes cell
and tissues
● Closed circulatory system: Blood flows through definite vessels
throughout

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 Classification of Animals

Level of
Kingdom Symmetry Coelom Phylum
organisation
Mostly symmetrical Acoelomates
Cellular level Porifera

Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
Acoelomates
Animalia Radial
(multicellular) Ctenophora
Acoelomates Platyhelminthes
Tissue/ Organ/
Organ system
Bilateral Pseudocoelomates Aschelminthes

Annelida
Coelomates
Arthropoda

Mollusca
Echinodermata
Hemichordata

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 Phylum Porifera

Characteristic features
● Mostly marine (Sycon), some freshwater Osculum
(Spongilla) forms are also present
Choanocyte
● Sedentary and asymmetrical
● Primitive and show cellular level of organisation
● Water enters through minute pores (ostia) in
the body wall into a central cavity, spongocoel, Spongocoel
from where it goes out through the osculum
● Water canal system- to feed, respire and
remove waste
● Choanocytes or collar cells line the
spongocoel and the canals
● Digestion is intracellular
● Presence of spicules and spongin fibres to
support and protect itself

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 Phylum Porifera

● Sexes are not separate

(hermaphrodite)
Asexual ● Fertilisation is internal
Fragmentation ● Development - indirect
Reproduction having a larval stage
in sponges which is morphologically
Sexual distinct from the adult
Formation of ● Examples: Sycon (Scypha),
gametes Spongilla (Freshwater
sponge) and
Euspongia (Bath sponge)

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 Phylum Coelenterata

Characteristic features
● Aquatic- mostly marine
● Sessile or free swimming
● Radially symmetrical
● Stinging capsules called cnidocytes are present on the tentacles
and the body
o Used for anchorage, defense and for the capturing prey
● Tissue level of organisation and diploblastic
● They have a central gastrovascular cavity with a single opening,
mouth on hypostome
● Digestion : Extracellular and intracellular
● Some of the cnidarians, e.g., corals have a skeleton composed of
calcium carbonate

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 Phylum Coelenterata

Basic body forms Alternation of generation

● Cnidarians which exist in both forms
exhibit alternation of generation.
Polyp Medusa ● It is also known as metagenesis.
● In Obelia
o Polyps produce medusae asexually.
o Medusae form the polyps sexually.
● Examples: Physalia (Portuguese man-
of-war), Adamsia (Sea anemone),
Pennatula (Sea-pen), Gorgonia (Sea-
Sessile,
Umbrella shaped fan) and Meandrina (Brain coral)
cylindrical form
and free swimming
E.g.- Hydra,
E.g. - Aurelia
Adamsia

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 Phylum Ctenophora

Retractile tentacle
Characteristic features
• Exclusively marine, also known as sea Anal canal
walnuts or comb jellies
● Radially symmetrical, diploblastic, tissue
Ciliary comb plate
level of organisation
● Digestion: Extracellular and intracellular
● Bioluminescence: Property of a living
Mouth
organism to emit light
● Hermaphrodites: Sexes are not separate
Pleurobrachia
● Only sexual reproduction
● External fertilization with indirect
development
● 8 external rows of ciliated comb plates used
for locomotion
o Hence, they are also called comb jellies
Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana
Bioluminescent comb jellies
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 Phylum Platyhelminthes

Characteristic features Hook

● They have dorsoventrally flattened body: Flatworms
● Mostly endoparasites, only a few are free living
Sucker
● Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, acoelomates
● Organ level of organisation
● Hooks and suckers are present in the parasitic forms
● Flame cells: specialized excretory cells which help in Nucleus
osmoregulation and excretion Slit like
● Sexes are not separate openings
● Fertilisation - internal Cilia
● Development is through many larval stages
● Some members like Planaria possess high
regeneration capacity
● Examples: Taenia (Tapeworm), Fasciola (Liver fluke) Flame cell

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 Phylum Aschelminthes

Characteristic features
● Commonly known as roundworms
● Habitat: Terrestrial and Aquatic (both freshwater or
marine)
● Either parasitic or free-living
● Organ system level of organisation
● Triploblastic and pseudocoelomate
● Bilaterally symmetrical Ascaris
● Digestive system: Complete alimentary canal with Examples : Ascaris
a muscular pharynx
(Roundworm), Wuchereria
● Have excretory tube (Filaria worm), Ancylostoma
● They are dioecious: Separate sexes; females longer (Hookworm).
than males, exhibit internal fertilization
● Development - direct (young ones look same as
adults) or indirect (through a larval stage)
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 Phylum Annelida

Characteristic features
● Metamerically segmented worms
● Habitat:
o Terrestrial (Earthworm)
o Aquatic
▪ Freshwater - Leech
▪ Marine – Nereis Nereis (Free-living)
● Lifestyle:
o Parasitic (Leech)
o Free-living (Nereis)
o Bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic
o True coelomates
o Examples: Nereis,
Pheretima (Earthworm) and
Hirudinaria (Leech)
Hirudinaria (Blood sucking leech)
(Parasitic)

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 Phylum Annelida

● Organ-system level of organisation

Circulatory system Excretory system Nervous system

Dorsal vessel
(Main heart)

Brain
Nerve cord
Nephridia
Auxiliary Ventral
hearts vessels Consists of paired
Nephridia help in ganglia connected by
Closed circulatory
osmoregulation and lateral nerves to a
system
excretion double ventral nerve
cord

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 Phylum Annelida

● Locomotion: Longitudinal and circular muscles (Eg., Earthworm)

● Swimming: Parapodia (Eg., Nereis)

Circular
muscle

Longitudinal muscle Parapodia

Coelomic cavity

● Sexual reproduction
o Monoecious - Both sexes together (hermaphrodites)
E.g., Earthworms, Leeches.
o Dioecious - Separate sexes, E.g., Nereis.
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 Phylum Arthropoda

Characteristic features
● Largest phylum, includes insects Head
● Segmented body, bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, Thorax
coelomate
● Chitinous exoskeleton: Skeleton outside the body Abdomen
● Body divisions: Head, thorax and abdomen
● Jointed appendages (arthros- joint and poda- Body divisions
appendages)
● Organ system level of organisation
● Open circulatory system
● Sensory organs:
o Antennae
o Eyes (compound and simple)
o Statocysts or balancing organs are present
Jointed appendages

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 Phylum Arthropoda

● Excretory system: Malpighian tubules

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 Phylum Arthropoda

● Mostly dioecious
● Fertilization is usually internal
● Mostly oviparous
● Development maybe direct or indirect
● Examples:
o Economically important Arthropods- Bombyx mori Laccifer lacca
Apis (Honey bee), Bombyx mori (Silk worm) (Lac insect)
(Silkworm), Laccifer lacca (Lac insect)
o Vectors– Anopheles, Culex and Aedes
(Mosquitoes)
o Gregarious pest– Locusta (Locust)
o Living fossil– Limulus (King crab)

Honey bee

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 Phylum Mollusca

Characteristic features
● Second largest animal phylum
● Habitat:
o Terrestrial
o Aquatic- Freshwater, Marine
● Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic and coelomate Pila (Apple snail)
● Organ system level of organisation
● Unsegmented body covered with calcareous shell
(Exception- Octopus)
● Usually dioecious and oviparous with indirect development
● Examples: Pila (Apple snail), Pinctada (Pearl oyster), Sepia
(Cuttlefish), Loligo (Squid), Octopus (Devil fish), Aplysia
(Sea-hare), Dentalium (Tusk shell) and Chaetopleura (Chiton) Octopus (Devil fish)

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 Phylum Mollusca

● Distinct body: Head, muscular foot

and visceral hump (visceral mass) Visceral mass
● Mantle: Spongy layer covering the
visceral hump
● Mantle cavity: Space between hump
and mantle in which feather like gills
are present
● The anterior head region has sensory
tentacles
● Mouth: Contains a file-like rasping
Head Foot
organ for feeding called radula

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 Phylum Echinodermata

Characteristic features
● Marine
● Endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles; spiny bodied
● Symmetry
o Adults: Radial
o Larvae: Bilaterally.
● Organ system level of organisation, triploblastic, coelomates
● Water vascular system: Helps in locomotion, capture and
transport of food and respiration
● Excretory system: Absent Asterias (Starfish)
● Digestive system: Complete with mouth on ventral and anus
on the dorsal side
● Sexual reproduction, separate sexes
● Fertilisation is usually external and indirect development with
free-swimming larva
• Examples: Asterias (Star fish), Echinus (Sea urchin), Antedon
(Sea lily), Cucumaria (Sea cucumber) and Ophiura (Brittle star)

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 Phylum Hemichordata

Characteristic features
● They have a rudimentary structure in the collar region
called stomochord which resembles a notochord
● Worm-like marine animals
● Organ-system level of organisation
● Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate
● Cylindrical body with anterior proboscis, a collar and a Saccoglossus
long trunk
● Circulatory system: Open type Proboscis
● Respiration: Through gills
● Excretory organ: proboscis gland
● Sexes are separate
Collar
● Fertilisation is external
● Development is indirect
● Examples: Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus. Trunk

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 Phylum Chordata

Characteristic features
● Characterised by the presence Nerve cord
of notochord, a dorsal hollow
nerve cord and paired Pharyngeal gill slits
pharyngeal gill slits
● Bilaterally symmetrical,
triploblastic and coelomat Notochord

● Organ system level

Post-anal tail
organisation.
● Show presence of post anal
tail
● Circulatory system: Closed

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 Phylum Chordata

Chordates Non-chordates

Notochord present Notochord absent

Central nervous system is Central nervous system is

dorsal, hollow and single ventral, solid and double

Pharynx perforated by
Gill slits are absent
gill slits

Heart is ventral Heart is dorsal (if present)

Post-anal tail present Post-anal tail absent

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 Phylum Chordata

Phylum chordata is divided into three subphyla

Urochordata/Tunicata Cephalochordata Vertebrata

● Exclusively marine ● Exclusively marine ● Notochord present during
● Notochord is ● Notochord extends from embryonic development
present in the head to tail region, and later replaced by bony
larval tail is persistent throughout vertebral column in adults
● Eg: Ascidia, Salpa, their life ● Have a ventral muscular heart
Doliolum ● Eg: Branchiostoma (2, 3 or 4 chambers)
● Kidneys for excretion and
osmoregulation
Protochordates ● Paired appendages- fins or
limbs

All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates

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 Subphylum Vertebrata

Classification of vertebrata

Division

Agnatha Gnathostomata
(Lack jaw) (Bear jaw)

Super class

Tetrapoda
Pisces (Bear fins)
(Bear limbs)

Class Class Class

1. Cyclostomata 1. Chondrichthyes 1. Amphibia
2. Osteichthyes 2. Reptilia
3. Aves
4. Mammals
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 Class Cyclostomata

Characteristic features
● Elongated body is devoid of scales and
paired fins
● Have 6-15 pairs of gill slits for respiration
● Ectoparasites on some fishes
● Have sucking and circular mouth without jaws Petromyzon (Lamprey)

● Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous

● Circulatory system: Closed type
● Marine but migrate for spawning to fresh water,
die after few days
● Their larvae, after metamorphosis, return to the ocean
● Examples: Petromyzon (Lamprey) and Myxine (Hagfish)

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 Class Chondrichthyes

Characteristic features
● Marine, streamlined body with cartilaginous endoskeleton
● Notochord persistent throughout life
● Separate gill slits without operculum
● Tough skin with minute placoid scales
● Ventrally located mouth; Teeth are modified placoid scales Carcharodon
● Predaceous animals with powerful jaws (The great white shark)
● Swim constantly to avoid sinking as air bladder is absent
Electron organ
● Two chambered heart; Poikilothermous (cold-blooded)
● Separate sexes, internal fertilisation, many are viviparous
● In males, pelvic fins bear claspers
● Some of them have electric organs (Torpedo) and some
possess poison sting (Trygon) Central nervous
● Examples: Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis (Saw fish), system
Carcharodon (Great white shark), Trygon (Stingray).
Torpedo

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 Class Osteichthyes

Characteristic features
● Both marine and freshwater fishes
● Bony endoskeleton and a streamlined body
● Terminal mouth
● Have 4 pairs of gills with an operculum on each side
● Skin is covered with cycloid/ctenoid scales Labeo (Rohu)
● Air bladder regulates buoyancy
● Heart is two-chambered; Poikilothermous (cold-blooded)
● Sexes are separate, external fertilisation
● Mostly oviparous and development is direct
● Examples:
o Marine– Exocoetus (Flying fish), Hippocampus (Sea horse) Gills covered by
o Freshwater– Labeo (Rohu), Catla (Katla), Clarias (Magur) operculum
o Aquarium– Betta (Fighting fish), Pterophyllum (Angel fish)

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 Class Amphibia

Characteristic features
● Amphibians can live in aquatic and terrestrial ● Poikilotherms (cold-blooded)
habitats (dual life) ● Sexes are separate, external fertilisation
● Most of them have two pairs of limbs ● Oviparous and development is indirect
● Body division: Head and trunk (Tail may be ● Examples: Bufo (Toad), Rana (Frog), Hyla
present in some) (Tree frog), Salamandra (Salamander),
● Moist skin (without scales) Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia)
● Eyes with eyelids
● Tympanum represents the ear
● Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive
tracts open into a common chamber called
cloaca which opens to the exterior
● Respiration: Gills, lungs and through skin.
● Heart: 3-chambered (two auricles and one
ventricle)
Frog
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 Class Reptilia

Characteristic features
● Mostly terrestrial
● Body is covered by dry and cornified skin, epidermal scales or scutes
● No external ear openings, tympanum represents ear
● 2 pairs of limbs (if present)
● Heart: Usually three-chambered, but four-chambered in crocodiles.
● Poikilotherms
Chelone (Turtle)
● Snakes and lizards shed their scales as skin cast
● Mode of locomotion: Creeping or crawling
● Sexes are separate, internal fertilisation
● Oviparous and development is direct
● Examples:
o Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree lizard), Calotes
(Garden lizard), Crocodilus (Crocodile), Alligator (Alligator)
o Hemidactylus (Wall lizard)
o Poisonous snakes– Naja (Cobra), Bangarus (Krait), Vipera (Viper)
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 Class Aves

Characteristic features
● Mostly they fly due to the presence of feathers Crop
(Exceptions- Ostrich, Kiwi) and possess beak
● Forelimbs: Modified into wings
Gizzard
● Hind limbs: Have scales and are modified for walking,
swimming or clasping the tree branches Digestive tract
● Skin: Dry without glands except the oil gland at the base of
the tail
● Endoskeleton: Fully ossified (bony) and the long bones are
hollow with air cavities (pneumatic)
● Digestive tract: crop and gizzard (additional chambers)
● Heart: Four-chambered, homoiothermous (warm-blooded)
Oil glands

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 Class Aves

● Respiration through lungs

o Air sacs connected to lungs supplement
respiration
● Sexes are separate
● Fertilisation is internal
Air pockets
● Oviparous and development is direct
● Examples : Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon), Air cavities
Psittacula (Parrot), Struthio (Ostrich), Pavo
(Peacock), Aptenodytes (Penguin), Neophron
(Vulture)

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 Class Mammalia

Characteristic features
● Habitats– Polar ice caps, deserts, mountains, forests,
grasslands and dark caves (some of them have
adapted to fly or live in water)
● Unique mammalian characteristic- Presence of milk
producing glands (mammary glands) for the
nourishment of young ones
● Two pairs of limbs- Adapted for walking, running,
climbing, burrowing, swimming or flying.
● Skin- Possesses hair
● External ears or pinnae are present
● Different types of teeth are present in the jaw.
● Heart- Four-chambered
● Homoiothermous (warm-blooded)

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 Class Mammalia

● Respiration- Through lungs

● Sexes are separate, internal fertilisation
● Viviparous with few exceptions and
development is direct
● Examples:
o Oviparous- Ornithorhynchus (Platypus) Platypus
(Ornithorhynchus)
o Viviparous- Macropus (Kangaroo),
Pteropus (Flying fox), Camelus (Camel),
Macaca(Monkey), Rattus (Rat), Canis
(Dog), Felis (Cat), Elephas (Elephant),
Equus (Horse), Delphinus (Common
dolphin), Balaenoptera (Blue whale),
Panthera tigris (Tiger), Panthera leo
Kangaroo Monkey
(Lion)
(Macropus) (Macaca)

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 Summary

Level of Segment- Digestive Circulatory Respiratory Distinctive

Phylum Symmetry Coelom
organisation ation system system system features

Body with
Porifera Cellular Many Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent pores and
canal in walls

Coelenterata Cnidoblasts
Tissue Radial Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent
(Cnidaria) present

Comb plates
Ctenophora Tissue Radial Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent for
locomotion

Organ & organ Fat body,

Platyhelminthes Bilateral Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent
system suckers

Often worm
Aschelminthes Organ system Bilateral Pseudo Absent Complete Absent Absent shaped,
elongated

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 Summary

Level of Segment- Digestive Circulator Respiratory Distinctive

Phylum Symmetry Coelom
organisation ation system y system system features

Body
Organ
Annelida Bilateral Coelomate Present Complete Present Absent segmenta-
system
tion like rings

Exoskeleton of
Organ
Arthropoda Bilateral Coelomate Present Complete Present Present cuticle, jointed
system
appendage

External
Organ
Mollusca Bilateral Coelomate Absent Complete Present Present skeleton shell
system
usually present

Water vascular
Organ Radial
Echinodermata Coelomate Absent Complete Present Present system, radial
system (adults)
symmetry

Worm-like with
Organ proboscis,
Hemichordata Bilateral Coelomate Absent Complete Present Present
system collar and
trunk

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 Summary

Chordates Non-chordates

Notochord present Notochord absent

Central nervous system is Central nervous system is

dorsal, hollow and single ventral, solid and double

Pharynx perforated by
Gill slits are absent
gill slits

Heart is ventral Heart is dorsal (if present)

Post-anal tail present Post-anal tail absent

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 Summary

Kingdom animalia

Porifera Ctenophora Aschelminthes Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata

Coelenterata Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Hemichordata

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 Summary

Classification of vertebrata

Division

Agnatha Gnathostomata
(Lack jaw) (Bear jaw)

Super class

Tetrapoda
Pisces (Bear fins)
(Bear limbs)

Class Class Class

1. Cyclostomata 1. Chondrichthyes 1. Amphibia
2. Osteichthyes 2. Reptilia
3. Aves
4. Mammals
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