(Physics :Vol- (Part-c))

Chapter - 2

OSCILLATIONS
Introduction
Periodic motion, oscillatory motion
Simple harmonic motion and Circular motion
Charaderistias of S.HM. (Displacement, zelocity, acceleration) force
Force lawfor S.H.M.
Energy in S.HM.
Some systems executing S.HM.
Dampedharmonic motion
Forced oscillations and resonance
 falls down
An insect climbs up a ramp and the
repeats
N.I INTROPUCTION comes back to the initial point and
itself at height above
er event that repeate process identically. A graph of its
Any motion some time is
be periodic In
said to the gronnd versus
regular intervals is ty oves to and fro slong a
periodic moions positions
brtern twe extreme etring
Riven path
the vitration of guitNr
Example inchde pendalum,
cone, the *winging of a
speaker n engine
and the
piston in periodic
the metion of mMoms in enhd Sch
vihrations of the
oecillatien In general, comes down,
e*amplee of If a person climbs p a step,
tnetien: are ftuation in the vae graph between his
peridic and repeats the process, a
an cillaticn isqunntity ahove and below some height ahove the ground versus time
is
of physical value
eguilihrium cited
central o
mechanical oRcllstion, such as those
In
ondergoes linear or angular
ahove, the hody oscillations involve
displacemen Nonmechanical voltage or charge
quantities such as
the varnation of clectric and magnetic T
creuits, or the
in electrical
signals In this chapter we Aball bouncing off the ground repeatedly
fiekds in radso and TV oscillatjons, but the
discuss only mechanicalapplicablto other kinds its height versus time graph is
techn1qucs we develop arc
of oscillatory behaviour.
OSCILLATORY
8.2 PERIODIC AND
MOTIONS
at regular
The metion which repeats Themotion'".
intervals of time is called "periodicmoves to and T
periodic motion in which a body
"oscillatory
fre about a fixed point is called h=ut + for downward motion, and
BRotior ",
oscillatory
All periodic motions need not be
bet all osc1llatory motions are
periodic (in h=ut for upward motion wih different
conservative fields). values of u in each case.
Exampies of usc illatory motion which are periodic has an
A body undergoing periodic motion
hswinging pendulum n a clock
)motion of a nccdie in s sewing mcthine
cquilibrium position some where inside its path, atis
on it, if it
3)osc itlatkns of a lorsienal pendulun this position no net extermal force acts
forever. If
4) moio of balancc wheel n a walch left free at that position, it remains rest
from that
5) 1oan fro moton of atoms in a substance the body is given a smalldisplacement tries to
6)vibratioIs of srings in a guitar position, a force comes into play which
Exanples of periodic motion which are nat bring the body back to equilibrium position gives
oscillatory rise to oscillations or vibrations. If frequency is
call
}uniforn circular motioa small, we termed as oscillations otherwise we
2)orbital motion of ptanets in the solar system it vibrations.

OSCLLATIONS
 (Physics :Vol-l (Part-C))

For abody in oscillatory motion there exiets 8.2.1 PERIOD AND FREQUENCY
a stable equilibrium position called mean poition The smallest snterval of time after which the
At this position the resultant force acting on the motion is repeated is called its "period". It is
denoted hy T ts S onit is secrnd
body is zero When the oscillatory motion ceases
the body comes to rest at this position During The reciprocal of time period (T)give numher
oscillations, the hody moves hetween two extreme of repetitiins that occHr per unit time This quantity
positions tying on either side of the me an position is called "frequency of periodic motion" it is
denoted by (v) ts SI onit is sec or) hertz (i)
At these extreme positions the restoring force is vis not necessarily an integer
maximum and the body momentarily comes to rest I hertz - l sciliation per second
When the body is moved away from the mean 8.2.2 DISPLACEMENT
position and released, a restoring force or torque In general, the narme displacenent is ziven to
acts on it to bring it back to cquilibrium position. a change in physical quantity under consideration
By the time the body reaches the mean position, it with time. The distance from starting point as a
acquires maximum velocity and due to inertia of function of time is its position displacement
motion it moves further to the other extreme Displacements represents changes in physical
quantities with time such as position, angle.
position. Again due to the restoring force ortorque pressure, clectric and magnetic fields etc.
the body moves back towards the mean position
established. Ex : ) ln a loaded spring : When a body is oscI
and thus the to and fro motion is
llating under the action of spring, the dispiacement
Consider a particle released from the edge A variable is its deviation
in the
of a smooth hemispherical bowl as shown 2) In a simple pendulum: The displacement
with variable is its angular deviation from the vertical
figure. Theparticle oscillates between A and B
reaches
Cas the mean position. When the particle during oscillation with time.
kinetic In simple harmonic motion the displacement
C. the loss of potential energy isavailable as function of
reach B. At B, its can be represented by a mathematical
energy and it moves further to
velocity reduces to zero and the gravitational
force time. It is given by y = f(t)= ASino
and the or x = ft) = ACoso
pulls it back towards the mean position (or)
periodic Where A is amplitude of oscillation
above motion is repeated resulting in the
oscillatory motion. maximum displacement.
MOTION
8.3 SIMPLE HARMONIC
case of
B
Simple harmonic motion is a special
oscillatory motion.
simple harmonic
"A body is said to be in
a straight
motion, if itmoves to and fro alongthat, at any
between the bowl and the
line, about its mean position such proportional to
Note &.1:If fiction ispresent
about C with continuously
point its acceleration is directly opposite in
but
particle, he particles oscillates rest at C. Now this its displacement in magnitude
always towards the
decreasing energy and finally comes to direction and is directed
pot periodic.
is an oscillatory motion but mean position."
significant difference botween body is always to be
Note 8.2: There is no frequency is small, The displacement of the
oscillations and vibrations. When the position only. Th
oscillation of a branch of a measured from the mean
directed awa
we callit oscillation (like the displacement of the particle is always
high, we call it vibration
tree). While when the frequency is musical instrument) from the mean position.
ofa
(like the vibration ofa string
OSCILLArIONS
 Physics Vol-l (Part-c
If 'a' is the
acceleration of the body at any Problem 8.1: Which of fthe following
which exampl es
given displacement 'y' from the mean position, represent simple. harmonic motion and
a 4-y or a =-ky
where 'k is a constant of proportionality and
periodic but notsimple harmonic motion?
a) The rotation of earth about its axis.
represent
(-) sign indicates that 'a' and 'y' are always in b) Motion of an oscillating mercury column
opposite directions. Utube; in a
8.3.1 e) Motion of a ball bearing insideasmooth
CONDITIONS FOR SHM bowl, when released from a point slightly curved
The following are the conditions to be obeyed the lower most position. above
for a particle to execute SHM. d) General vibrations ofa
a) motion of the particle must be
polyatomic molecule about
itsequilibrium position.
periodic Sol. a) It is periodicbut not S.H.M.
b) particle must move to and fro about a
and fro inotion about a fixed point. because
fixed it is not to
point called mean position.
c) acceleration of the b) It is S.H.M. c) Itis S.H.M.
particle must be d) It is aperiodicbut not
proportional to the displacement fromdirectly mean
S.H.M.A polyatomic gas
molecule has a number of natural
position. frequencies and its
general motion is the resultant of S.H.Ms. of a
d) acceleration of the of different number
irected towards the mean particle must always be frequencies.
but not S.H.M.
The resultant motion is periodic
e)
position.
acceleration of the particle and its 8.4 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
displacement must
other in direction. always be opposite to each AND UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
In any other type of A cos +
along a straight line oraccelerated
P
motion either P
along a curve, the As sin Y +
displacement takes place Y8=a+
acceleration. But in SHM the depending on the
on the displacement. acceleration depends
M
X

Example of simple harmonic Motion

There are two !ypes of
(a) simple harmonic
Linear simple harmonic motion Consider a particle moving with
motion angular velocity constant
i)
Oscillations of a liquid column in a U- tube. circle of radius 'A'o'in anti
along the
circumference of a
ii) circle is called clockwise
ii)
Oscillations of a swing with small
Oscillations of a loaded spring amplitude is called "reference circle" anddirection. This
the particle
iv) "reference particle".
Oscillations cf a simple
pendulun1 for small
Let "0" be the
v)
amplitude XOX' and YOY' arecentre the
of the
reference circle.
Vibrations of the prongs of an excited dicular two
of the circle.mutually perpen
vector ofdiameters
vi) tuning fork
Vibrationsof particle of a Let the
an angle position
medium when a the particle is
mechanicalwave postive X direction at timemaking
Oscillations propagatesobject with
vii) in that
of a floating nedium time "t, "P" is t =0. At un
b)
Angular simple harmonic motion the
is the foot of the position of the particle and "M"
instant of
i)
ii)
oscillations of a balance wheel in a watch and "N" is the perpendicular
on to YOY Asfoot of the
dropped on to XOX
oscillations of a
torsional perpendicular
iii)
oscillations of a freely pendulum "p"
ference, "M" moves tomoves along the dropped
circum
uniform magnetic field. suspended magnet in a and
moves -to and fro on YOY fro on XOX' and "N"
The time taken by about the centre "O".
"p" to
complete a circle is a
OSCILLATIONS
 N

Mugcade at veàiy
 Physics :Vol-1(Parl-t
(I =0) velocity becomes maximum Graphs
i) -, V-1, a -1 Graphs

Ao
T2
When particle is at the extreme position T
(X= A), velocity
becomes minimum. 0 T/4 A 3T/4
X= AcoS O1
Vmin
O
iv) Acceleration Displacement -Time curve
"The rate of
with time is calledchange of velocity of a particle T/4
The acceleration of a
acceleration" Ao T/2 3T/4
T

by a dv d
particle in SHM is given
dt
--Awsin (a +))
dt
(i) Velocity - Time V=-A0 sin t
curve
[:v=-Ao sin (o +))
=- A@ (cos
(0+o)) o TI2
a=-A cos Ot
a=-o'Acos(ot +0) ..) o TI 3T/4
Replacing Acos((or +0) with xin the -Ao
equation we get above (iiü)
ii)
V-x Graph Acceleration - Time curve
a=w (2)
Aa

The
variation ofequations (1) and (2)
acceleration of a represent the
time and particle in SHM with
Thusdisplacement reofspectaively. y?
accelerationto the particle in SHM is
irectly proport
parlicle from meanional displacement of the The above
indicales the
that position. The Note 8.5: f0 =lequation represents
an ellipse.
opposite in directaccel eration and negative sign then y-x graph
becomes a circle.
displacement
directed away fromion. Since displacement
the mean is
are
always
iii) a-v
Graph
is always directed
At mean towards theposition,
mean acceleration
position.
a=ox== a

position (x = 0),
particle is minimum acceleration of the
min =0
At extreme
the particle is position (x = A),
maximum. acceleration of a' a'
mas 'A

(oA
 Physics :Vol-I (Part-C)

iv) a -x Graph v) Time period

"The time taken by a particle to complete
one oseillation (to and fro motion) about mean
y= m
position is called time period of SHM". (or)
Slope of the graph The smallest time interval of time after which
m=(an0 =-0? the motion is repeated is called time period.
B
Problem -8.2: Acceleration displacement graph of a
extreme mean extreme
particle executing S.H.M is as shown in given figure.
Find the time period of is oscillation (in sec) position position
position
Sol. Acceleration (m/sec) a) Time taken to go from 0to A, then to B
a=- w'x, ie., o' =tan 45° =1 and then back to O again is one time penod. (or)
b) Time taken to go from A to B and back to
or l or T= 2rs A again is also one time period.
In the reference circle, time for one revolution

Problem - 8.3 : Figure shows the graph of velocity of particle P is equal tó period of oscillation of foot
versus displacement of a particle executing simple of the perpendicular 'M in SHM.
harmonic motien. Find the period of os cillation of the 2r
particle ..Time period T = (1)
0.6 v
(ms
Where "o" is the angular velocity.
-10
From a= ox(magnitude wise)
Sol.
a
0=
-0.6

=A=10 cm and v = 0A =0.6ms-! displacement

T=2r,
6x10-! Vacceleration
= 6rads
10x107
Note &.6: The time period of oscillations of a particles in
2T 2T SHM is independent of amplitude.
..T= Sec
6 3
vi) Frequency
Velocity and acceleration of a particle in "The nunmber of oscillations completed by
S.H.M at different positions frequency".
Aceeleration
a particle in one second is called
S.No, Displacement Velocity Frequency is numerically equal to reciprocal
1. X=0 V= Ao(max) a = 0(min) of time period.
A Ao'
A a= (or) n=
2 V=
2 2 T
Ao' 2r
A 2
3
A Since ) =
()=
:o=2m
T

V3 A V3 A0 frequency.
4.
a=
2 Hence w isalso known as angular
2 hertz. (Hz)
a=-A'(max) S.J unit of frequency "n" is
X= A(Extreme V=0(min)
5.
SIunit of angular frequency (w) is rad/s.
 (10
(Part c
Equating () and (2)
speed and average velocity of a v
vii)Average
particle in S.H.M
particle (0
oscillation of a
During onc complete
displacement becomes zero but distance
its
travelled by it is '44A'
Total distance travelled 2
Time period T= T= 2n,.
Average speed = time taken

4A 4A 2A0
frequencyf

Application 8.2 :
2-A@ =
In the above case amplitude of SHM is given
......from (1)
Average velocity in one complete oscillation by V=o'A'-yi
total d_plaæn_0
=0 vË -o'[A'-y] w.... from (2)
total time Dividing the equations (1) and (2)

VA'-yi VA'-v}y; =v;A'-vy;

viii) Expressions for time period & amplitude in V A'-yË
terms of V.max and ama
for a particle in SHM
V;A'-V;A' =Viy; -vËy
VA0(at mean position) ’A'=YY-Vy ..A = Viy:-vËvi
Ao (at extreme position)
|Problem-8.4: Figure givenbelow shows the displace
max 1 T mat ment versus time graph for two particles A and B
’T=2
Aa? ) 2 max
executing simple harmonic motions. Find the ratio of
their marimum velocities,
(Ao)' A'? =A
max Aw Ag? 10
B
Yicm)

A max 24 26
6

Application-8.1 :
Consider a particle n SHM along a straight
line of amplitude A. Let V, and V, be the velocities Sol. For A, time periodT, = l6s [Distance between two
iadjacent crets]
of the particle at two instants where
of the particle are y, and y,. Then
displacements for B, time period T, =(26-2) = 24s
[length between the crest and trough shown
=20s -8s = 123]
y,=a4'-y ty=A ...) Also, amplitudes a, =1Oem; a, =Scm
Ratio of maximum velocities

,y;=A'.... Ya 10x24
5x16
3