ENGINEERING DRAWING

WHAT IS ENGINEERING DRAWING?

-It is a two dimensional visual representation of three dimensional object and is used as a
universal means of communication in industry.

-It is the method concerned with the expression of technical ideas used in all branches of technical
industry of the constructive arts, manufacturing of machinery , structures, ships aircraft etc.

-It is the means of dealing with the expression of ideas by means of lines, signs and symbols when
words alone will not convey all the information required.

What is the purpose of Engineering Drawing?

Engineering drawing is a system of communication which clearly, concisely and accurately
conveys;

i) Information about shapes, sizes and position of components

ii)Instructions about the method of manufacturing and material requirements.

Three skills required in Engineering Drawing

i)The ability to make drawings of the outline and features of an object and to arrange the drawings
so that the person reading them may know what the object is like.

ii) A knowledge of a large number of conventions which are a kind of shorthand used to save time
and to convey exact information.

iii)The ability to work very accurately with drawing instruments and to calculate by measuring the
lengths of lines.

Three main domains of Engineering Drawing

i)An assembly of components or, one or more views of an engineering component
ii)Dimensions, symbols, explanatory and instruction notes
iii)Title block – which contains all information required for easy retrieval of document when needed.

-Title block is positioned at bottom right edge of a drawn paper with the following information;

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Name: Class:

Title : School:

Scale: Drawing number:

The height of letters should be 5mm for headings and 3mm for subheadings.

NB The dimensions and layout may differ if more information is to be inserted.

-Besides a title block, every drawing sheet should be provided with a border line and always are
done within area;
A0= 25mm, A1=20 mm, A2=20mm , A3=15mm, A4=10mm

Rules on Lettering and Numerals

 Lettering should be freehand and similar in style ie can be sloping or upright(vertical) and
not both on one diagram.
 Lettering should be done using capital letters which are most preferred to lowercase letters.
 Height of lowercase letters should be 0.6 times that of uppercase.
 There should be equal spacing between letters of about one third of a letter width, and the
spacing between words not less than a letter width.
 Spacing between lines of notes should not be less than one-half of the letter height.
 Dimensions and notes should not be less than 2,5mm tall but titles and drawing numbers
should not be less than 7 mm high.
 All notes should be placed in horizontal position.
 Underlining of notes is not recommended-larger letters may be used.

Scales
A drawing should always state the scale used although the drawing itself should never be scaled
for manufacturing purposes.

A drawing that is drawn at a scale greater than full size can be deceiving. When making a drawing
of large components and assemblies, the component is drawn at a reduced size to fit on the
drawing sheet. Some common scales are;

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Enlargement scale Reduction scale

Twice full size- 2:1 Half full size- 1:2

Five times full size-5:1 Fifth full size-1: 5

Ten times full size- 10:1 Tenth full size 1:10

NB Full size is denoted as 1:1

Types of drawing
Design layout drawing
-These are usually sketches which represent feasible solutions to design problems and should
include sufficient information for draughtsmen to produce the formal drawings.

Detail drawing
-Portrays a single engineering component (object) and should contain sufficient information
required to define that component completely in order to manufacture.

Assembly drawing
-Shows the arrangement of several adjacent parts which together form a part of the finished
assembled product such as an engine of a car.

Combined drawings
-Shows an assembly drawing and the detail drawings of constituent parts drawn on the same
drawing sheet thus forming one drawing.

Arrangement drawing

- Shows the complete finished product with all parts assembled together in their correct positions
eg a car.

Drawing equipment/instruments

Drawing board
-Provides with a surface for the drawing paper. It should be larger than the drawing paper which
will be attached to it, and must be flat and smooth. The whole board should be tilted at an angle of

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between 100 and 150 to the horizontal. The left hand edge must be absolutely true and straight.
-The following drawing boards can be bought namely;

 Drawing board for size paper A2 (recommended for student use) with a fitted horizontal
square which slides up and down on rollers.
 A less expensive board with a separate T-square which slides up and down on the side of
the drawing board and has to be held in place when used.

Drawing paper
Drawing paper is in white colour and of cartridge available in rolls or standard sheet sizes based on
Ao which is a rectangle of area 1 square meter. Below are the sizes of metric drawing paper
available and should be noted that each succeeding smaller size is obtained by halving the
preceding larger one.

A0 =841 x 1189 mm

A1 =594 x 841 mm

A2 =420 x 594 mm

A3 =297 x 420 mm

A4 =210 x 297 mm

Pencils
-More than one pencil will save from frequent re-sharpening hence a selection of pencils is
required. Leads are made in varying degrees of hardness and softness- from 9H which is the
hardest to 6H the softest.
-Pencils graded as firm are marked F and H and are usually used for outlines. Pencils graded as
hard are marked 2H and 3H and are used for construction lines and fine work. This can be best
explained as follows;

6H – light lines

HB- outlines, margin

3H- construction lines, title block

2H- title block, margin

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-Rough sketching can be carried out with the soft pencils marked B and HB. A popular alternative
to the ordinary pencils is the clutch pencil. These pencils may be obtained with leads 0.3, 0.5 or 0.7
mm and of varying degrees of hardness usually from 4H to 6H. The main advantage of the clutch
pencil is that it need not sharpened always and draws a line of even thickness.

NB. Pencils can be sharpened to cone point or chisel point, the choice is optional.

Ruler
- Should be transparent and graduated in mm. It is used for measuring and marking out linear
dimensions.

Protractor
- Is used for measuring and marking out angles.

Dividers
- The divider has two steel points and is used to transfer dimensions from the steel rule to the
drawing.

Rubber/Eraser
-Is used for alterations, corrections and removal of unwanted pencil lines. Erasing must be kept to
a minimal and must be done gently to prevent damage to the drawing paper.
-Eraser should be of good quality not the one that smudges.

Duster or brush
–Is used to remove erasing particles.

Compass
- Is used for drawing circles and arcs. At least two compasses, a small spring bow compass for
small circles and one for larger circles.

Clips and tape

-Are used to hold paper on the drawing board. The best tape to use is masking tape but metal
drawing board clips are easier to use.

Emery board and fine sand paper

- Are used to ensure that the lead in the pencils is kept sharp.

Set squares
-Are used in conjunction with the T-square to draw vertical and inclined lines at 30 0, 450 and 600 to

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the horizontal plane. At least two set squares are needed i.e 600 and 450 set squares.
-It is also very useful to have an adjustable set square which will enable you to set the angle on the
set square to anywhere between 00 and 900 . If you have an adjustable set square you can manage
without the other two.

T-square
-Consists of a blade and a stock. The blade should be bevelled off to a thickness of approximately
2mm at the working edge.

French curves
-Are used for drawing curves which cannot be drawn with a compass. When using them, you draw
in the curve lightly and freehand, then use French curves in various positions to complete the
curve.

Care & Maintenance Of Drawing Instruments

Drawing board
– Must be kept clean and smooth and care should be taken not to damage the edge of the board.
The drawing paper should be fixed to the board with clips or adhesive tape and never with drawing
pins as they damage the board and the paper.

The square
– The working edge of the square should be bevelled and care should be taken not to damage it.

Drawing instruments
-Compass, dividers and a spring bow compass are kept in a case to protect them against damage.

Good working practice when drawing

-Wipe all instruments such as drawing board, tee square, set square etc
-Make sure your hands are clean.
-Do not rub hands, set square etc over pencilled areas for this will cause smudges. Part of a
drawing can be protected with a sheet of paper when using an eraser or drawing lettering.
-Erasing particles should be removed with a duster or brush, do not sharpen pencil over a drawing.
-Creased or folded drawings will create unavoidable problems of dirt.
-Drawings should be protected against dust by covering them on the drawing board or keeping
them in a folder at the end of a drawing session.

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Preparation for the drawing paper
-The top edge of the drawing paper is placed on the drawing board so that it is parallel to the
working edge of the T-square.
-The drawing paper is attached to the drawing board by means of drawing clips or tape across the
top left and right hand corners.

Format
Drawing paper have two formats namely;

 Landscape -with longer side in the horizontal position.

 Portrait -with the longer side in the vertical position

Line types
Engineering and architectural draughtsmen use various types of lines grouped together to produce
drawings. It is therefore important that there be uniformity in the usage and interpretation of these
lines. These conventions are internationally recognized and to be adhered to ensure effective and

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accurate communication.

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 Use of line characteristics and conventions.
When you are preparing drawings, you will use different types of lines to convey
information. Line characteristics, such as widths, breaks in the line, and zigzags, all have
definite meanings. The table below shows the different types of lines that should be
used on drawings.

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GENERAL RULES ON LINE WORK

 All chain lines should start and finish with a long dash.
 Centre lines should cross one another at long dash portions of the line at the centres of
circles, arcs etc.

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  Centre lines should extend only a short distance beyond the feature unless required for
dimensioning etc.
 A centre line should not extend through the spaces between views.
 A centre line should not terminate at another line.
 Where angles are formed in chain lines, long dashes should meet or cross at the
intersections.
 Arcs should join at tangent points.
 Dashed lines should start and end with dashes in contact with the hidden or visible outline.
 Dashed lines should meet or cross with dashes at the intersection.
 If a dashed line meets a curved line tangentially, it should be with solid portions of the lines.

SYMBOLS & ABBREVIATIONS

-Common engineering terms and expressions are frequently replaced by abbreviations or symbols
on drawings.

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GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION
1. Perpendicular bisector of a line
Line CD is the perpendicular bisector of AB.
E is the centre of line AB
Any one point on CD is the same distance from A as it is from B
Angles AEC, CEB, BED and DEA are all right angles.

F
A B

2.To bisect a line

AB = 63mm
Set compasses to approximately ¾ AB
With centre A strike arcs d and f
With centre B strike arcs c and e
Draw a straight line through the joins of the arcs
AG = GB

e f

A G B

c d

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 3. To divide a line into four equal parts
AB = 70mm
Bisect AB at C
Bisect both AC and CB at 1 and 3
Then AB is divided into four equal parts at 1, 2 and 3

A C B
1 2 3 4

4. To divide a line into eight equal parts

AB = 75mm
Divide AB into four equal parts at E, C and D
Bisect AE, EC, CD and DB in 1, 3, 5 and 7
Then AB is divided into eight equal parts at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7

E C D B
A
1 12 3 1
4 5 6 7 81
1

5. To construct a perpendicular at a point on a line

AB = 80mm, BP = 30mm
Set compasses to any length less than BP
With centre P strike arcs across AB at c and d
With centre c and d strike arcs e and f
Draw a line through the join of the arcs.
PG is perpendicular to the line AB

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 G

f e

c d
A B
P

6. To construct a perpendicular to a line from any point

AB = 75mm, AP = 60mm, BP = 45mm
Set compasses to any length greater than the perpendicular distance of P from AB
With centre P strike arc cd on AB
With centres c and d strike arcs e and f meeting in G
Join PG
Then PG is perpendicular to AB

c d
A B

f e

ANGLES
1. Angles in a circle
360 degrees in a circle
180 degrees in a semi-circle
90 degrees in a quarter circle ( a quadrant)

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 3600

1800

900

2. Using a protractor
Place base line of protractor on base line of angle
Place zero mark on protractor on end of line
Mark angle required e.g 490
Draw a line from end of line to mark

3. To bisect an angle
AB = AC, 65mm, angle BAC = 490
Set compasses to approximately 30mm
With centre A draw arc de crossing AB and AC
With centres d and e draw arcs f and g
AH is the bisector of angle BAC
Angle BAH = Angle CAH
C

e f H

A B

4. The radius of a circle steps off six times around its circumference
Draw a circle of radius 35mm
Step off the radius around the circumference starting at A.
The circle is divided into 6 equal parts

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 1
2

6
3

5. To construct an angle of 600

AB = 50mm
Set compasses to approximately 30mm
With centre A draw arc cd
Without altering the compasses and with centre c draw arc e across arc cd
Draw AF through the intersection of arcs e and cd
Angle BAF = 600
F 0
6. To construct an angle of 120
AB =50mm
Set compasses to approximately 30mm
With centre A draw arc cd
Without altering
d the compasses and with centre c draw arc e
With centre e draw arc f e
Draw AG through the intersection of arcs f and cd
Angle BAG = 1200
G 600

A B
7. To construct an anglef of 300
AB = 60mm d c
Construct an angle of 600 – angle BAc
e
Bisect angle BAc to give angle BAD = 300

1200

1
c D
B
A
c
300

A B

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8. To construct an angle of 150
AB = 60mm
Construct 600 angle BAc
Bisect angle BAc to give angle BAd of 300
Bisect angle BAd to give angle BAE of 150

9.To construct an angle of 900

AB = 50mm
Draw arcs c and d. These arcs are the beginning of constructions for 600 and 1200 angles
at B
Bisect the angle between c and d at E
Angle ABE is 900 – a right angle

d
c

900

A E

10.To construct an angle of 450

AB = 60mm
Construct an angle of 900 - angle ABc
Bisect angle BAc to give angle BAD of 450

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11.To construct an angle of 1050
AB = 65mm
Construct an angle of 1200 - angle ABd
Construct an angle of 900 - angle ABc
Bisect the angle between 1200 and 900 to give angle ABE = 1050

12.To construct an angle of 1350

AB = 45mm 1050
Construct an angle of 900 - angle ABc
Produce AB to D
A
Bisect angle DBc to give angle ABE = 135 0
B

1. To construct a line parallel to a given line

AB = 80mm, line required 35mm from135 and
0 parallel to AB
Set compasses to 35mm and with centres anywhere on AB draw arcs c and d
Draw a line touching arcs a and d to give the required line parallel to AB
A is an approximate method suitable for technical drawings. It is not a strictly
Note. This
B D
geometrical method.

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2. To draw a radius curve joining two lines at right angles
AB = AC = 70mm, angle BAC = 900, radius at corner = 20mm
Construct lines d and e parallel to, and each 20mm from, AB and AC
Lines d and e meet at F
With centre F and compasses set to 20mm draw the radius curve.

3. Another method of drawing a radiused right- angled corner

AB = AC = 70mm, radius at corner = 25mm
Set compasses to 25mm
With centre A draw arcs d and e on AB and AC
With centre d and e draw arcs f and g meeting at H
With compasses set to 25mm and centred at H draw the required arc

4. To construct a radius curve at an acute-angled corner

An acute angle is one which is less than 900
AB -=AC = 70mm, angle BAC = 700, radius at corner = 30mm
Draw lines d and e parallel to and 30mm from AB and ac
d and e meet at F
With compasses set to 30mm and centred at F draw the required arc.

5. To construct a radius curve at an obtuse-angled corner

An obtuse angle is one which is greater than 900 but less than 1800
AB = AC = 70mm, angle BAC = 1300 , radius = 30mm,
Follow the same procedure as for a radius curve at an acute=angled corner

1. Equilateral triangles
All sides are of equal length
All angles are of equal size
Each angle = 600

2. Isosceles triangle
Two sides are of equal length – DF = EF
Two angles are of equal size = angle EDF = angle DEF
Perpendicular bisector of DE passes through F

3. Right – angles triangle

One of the three angles is a right angle
In the given drawing, the right angle is angle GHJ
4. Scalene triangles
Sides are all of differing lengths

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 Angles are all of differing sizes
Triangle KLM is an acute triangle - all its angles are less than 900
Triangle NOP is an obtuse triangle – one of its angle is greater than 900

1. To construct an equilateral triangle given side length

AB = BC=CA=75mm
Draw AB
Set compasses to 75mm
With centres A and B draw arcs meeting at C
Join AC and BC

2. To construct an equilateral triangle by constructing its angles

Sides lengths = 80mm
Draw AB 80mm long
At A and at B construct 600 angles to meet at C
Triangle ABC is the required equilateral triangle.
Note. The angles can be drawn with the aid of a 600 set square

3. To construct an isosceles triangle given sides lengths

AB = 80mm = BC = CA = 65mm
Draw AB 80mm long
Set compasses to 65mm
With A and B as centres strike arcs to meet at C
Join AC and BC

4. To construct an isosceles triangle given base and base angles

AB = 50mm , angle BAC = angle ABC = 720
Draw AB 60mm long
At A and B construct angles of 720 with the aid of a protractor
The two arms of the 720 angles meet at C

5. To construct a scalene triangle given its sides lengths

AB = 75mm , BC = 57mm, CA = 82mm
Draw AB 75mm long
With compasses set to 57mm and centre B draw an arc
With compasses set to 82mm and with centre A strike an arc crossing the first arc at C
Join AC and BC

6. To construct a scalene triangle given its sides lengths

AB = 65mm, BC = 55mm, angle ABC = 1050
Draw AB 75mm long and at B construct the angle of 1050
With centre B and radius 55mm strike off length BC along arm of angle. Join AC

1. In a right-angled triangle the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares on the other two sides
AB = 3cm, AC = 4cm, BC = 5cm
The square on the side AB = 3 x 3 = 9cm2
The square on the side AC = 4 x 4 = 16cm2
The square on the side BC = 5 x 5 = 25cm2

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 Not only is this true of this particular right-angled triangle, but it is true for all right-
angled triangles

2. The 3:4:5 right-angled triangle

It follows from the statement above that if the sides of a triangle are in the ratio 3:4:5, then
the triangle is right-angled.
AB = 72mm, BC = 54mm, AC = 90mm
Because AB = 4 x 18 = 72, BC = 3x 18 = 54 and AC = 5 x 18 = 90, this triangle is right-
angled.
Draw AB 72mm long, BC 54mm long and CA 90mm long
Test angle ABC with a protractor to check that it is 900

3. The 5:12:13 right-angled triangle drawn in the proportion 5:12:13 is a right-angled

triangle because
(5 x5) + (12 x 12) – (13 x x13)
Or 24 + 144 = 169
AB = 120mm, BC = 50mm, CA = 130mm
Construct this triangle and check that angle ABC = 900

1. To construct a right-angled triangle given two sides

AB = 70mm, AC = 90mm, right angle at B
Draw AB 70mm long
At B construct a right angle (set square can be used)
Measure from B the length 50mm of BC
Join AC to give the required triangle

2. To construct a right-angled triangle given the base and the hypotenuse

AB = 70mm, AC = 90mm, right angle at B
Draw AB 70mm long
At B construct a right angle (set square can be used)
Set compasses to 90mm and with centre at A draw arc across the vertical arm of the right
angle to give C

3. To construct a right-angled triangle given the hypotenuse and one side

AC = 80mm, BC = 40mm, right angle at B
Draw AC 80mm long
Bisect AC at D
With compasses centred at D draw semicircle AC
With compasses set to 40mm and centred at C draw an arc across the semicircle to give B
Join AB and BC to complete the triangle

4. To draw a circle passing through the verticals of a right-angled triangle

AB = 60mm, BC=40mm, right angle at B
Construct the triangle ABC
Bisect the hypotenuse AC to give D
With centre and radius DA (or DB or DC) draw a circle.
The circle will pass through A, B and C

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 The circle is said to circumscribe the triangle

5. Cyclic quadrilateral
If two right-angled triangles with a common hypotenuse are drawn, the resulting
quadrilateral is said is to be cyclic.
Thus ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral formed from the two right-angled triangles ABD and
BCD.

1. Circumscribed circle to a triangle

AB = 65mm, BC = 80mm, CA = 60mm
Construct the triangle ABC
Bisect sides AC and BC to intersect at O
With centre is the circumscribed circle to the triangle. O is the circumcentre of the triangle

Note. Any two side of the triangle can be bisected to obtain the circumcentre
Any of the three radii OA, OB, OC can be used to draw the circle

2. Inscribed circle to a triangle Example 1

AB = 70mm, BC = 65mm, CA = 80mm
Construct the triangle ABC
Bisect angles CAB and ABC to meet at 1
Construct a perpendicular IP on to side AB
With radius IP draw a circle which touches the three sides on the triangle
This circle is the inscribe circle to the triangle
I is the in-centre of the triangle

Note. Any two side of the triangle could be bisected to obtain the in-centre.

3. Inscribed circle to a triangle example 2

AB = 65mm, BC = 60mm, ca = 110mm
Construct the triangle ABC
Bisect angles CAB and ABC to meet at 1
Construct a perpendicular IP on to side BC produced.
With radius IP draw a circle which touches the three sides of the triangle.

4. To inscribe 3 equal circles with an equilateral triangle

Construct ab equilateral triangle of side length = 80mm
Bisect each of the three angles A, B and C
Bisect each of the angles AEB, CDA and ADB
Where these bisectors meet the bisectors of the angles of the triangle are the three circle
centres

1. To divide a line into a number of equal parts

AB = 125mm
Draw AC atany angle to AB
Set compasses to any convenient length
Set off 7 equal divisions along AC from A to give a,b,c,d,e,f and g
Join gB
Draw lines parallel to gB from a,b,c,d,e and f to meet

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 AB IN 1,2,3,4,5 and 6
AB is now divided into 7 equal parts
Note: this method can be used to divide a line into any number of equal parts. To divide a
line into 2, 4 or 8 parts, the method shown on page 10 may be preferred.

2. To construct a scale of 1 in 2,5

Scale to read up to 300mm in intervals of 10mm
Draw AB at least 120mm long
Set compasses to 40 mm and step off three 40mm divisions along AB
At each of these divisions draw a vertical line 5mm high
Draw a line parallel to and 3mm above AB
Divide the first 40mm division into 10 equal parts
Number the scale as shown
A length – 130mm – is shown as it would be taken from the scale.

3. To construct a scale of 30mm represents 1m

Scale to read up to 4m in intervals of 100mm
Draw AB at least 120mm long
Step off along AB 4 equal divisions each 30mm apart.
Draw a line parallel to and 3mm above AB
Divide the first 30mm division into 10 equal parts.
Complete the scale as shown
A length – 2800mm – is shown as it would be read from the scale

4. To construct a scale of 50mm = 1km

Scale to read up to 2km in interval of 100m
Draw AB at least 100mm long
Step off along AB two 50mm divisions
Divide the first 50mm division into 10 equal parts
Complete the scale as shown
A length – 1.7km – is shown as it would be read from the scale

1. To construct a scale of 1 in 2.5 to read up to 300mm in mm: stage 1

Draw AB 120mm long and step off along from A three 40mm divisions
Draw verticals at each division point along AB
Draw 19 lines parallel to and above AB, each 4mm apart to complete the figure ABCD.

2. To construct a scale of 1 in 2.5 to read up to 300mm in mm: stage 2

Divide the first space DE into ten equal parts as shown

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3. To construct a scale of 1 in 2.5 to measure up to 300mm in mm: stage 3 and last
Join the first division from E along line ED to F
Draw parallels to this line through the remaining 9 points of division along ED
Number the scale as shown

Note: three lines are shown on the scale measuring 277mm, 154mm and 132mm as they would be read from
the scale. To read the scale, the hundreds figure is taken from the figures along the top line, the tens from the
figures on the bottom and the units from the figures along the left of the scale.

4.

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Dimensioning -Dimensions
(sizes)record the distance(numerical value ) between two points.
-Do not duplicate dimensions unnecessarily.
-Always draw dimension lines in a position in which they cannot be confused with the subject.
-Indicate clearly the points to which the dimension lines relate.
-Write dimension numerals distinctly and large enough to reproduce clearly. Write them
immediately above and along the dimension lines to which they relate. They should be centred and
reasonably in position.

175mm

-Dimensions numerals are viewed from the bottom or from the right hand edge of the drawing.
Where no ambiguity can arise, the symbol for the unit may be omitted. When both meters and
millimetres are used on the same drawing, discard symbols only in accordance with the following
rules;

i) A number without the decimal sign indicates millimetres.

ii) A number with the decimal sign indicates meters.

Extension lines
-Extension lines are thin lines used to extend lines of the views and to indicate points or surfaces
for which dimensions are given.

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 3mm 0.5mm

Arrow Heads
-Are used to show where the dimension begins and ends.
-Should be carefully drawn and of uniform size on a given drawing.

Placing Dimensions for Reading

Two systems are used namely;

1) Aligned system
 The dimensions are placed in line with the dimension lines.
 Horizontal dimensions are always read from the bottom of the sheet.
 Vertical dimensions are read from the right hand side of the sheet.

2) Unidirectional system
 All dimensions are placed to read from the bottom of the sheet no matter they occur.

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 METHODS OF DIMENSIONING

1) Datum dimensioning
-Datum are points, lines and surfaces which are assumed to be exact. Such datums are for
purposes of computation or reference and location dimensions are given.
-When positions are located from datums the different features of a part are all located from the
datum.

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- Features on a part are located with respect to a datum feature.

Parallel dimensioning -
Parallel dimensioning consists of several dimensions originating from one projection line.

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 Fig. Parallel dimensioning

Chain Dimensioning
-Is based on a series of dimensions applied on a point to point basis.

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Chained dimensioning

30
Combined Dimensioning

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 Superimposed Running Dimensions
Superimposed running dimensioning simplifies parallel dimensions in order to reduce the space
used on a drawing. The common origin for the dimension lines is indicated by a small circle at the
intersection of the first dimension and the projection line.

Dimensioning of Circles

(a) shows two common methods of dimensioning a circle. One method dimensions the circle
between two lines projected from two diametrically opposite points. The second method
dimensions the circle internally.

(b) is used when the circle is too small for the dimension to be easily read if it was placed inside the
circle.

Dimensioning Radii
All radial dimensions are preceded by the capital R

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(a) Shows a radius dimensioned with the centre of the radius located on the drawing.

(b) Shows how to dimension radii which do not need their centres locating.

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34