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Explanation:
a) graphite is the allotrope of the carbon
hence its a non metal having lustrous as
well as Hard. It has high melting as well as
boiling point
a) graphite is the allotrope of the carbon
hence its a non metal having lustrous as
well as Hard • It has high melting as well as
boiling point b) graphite is also an allotrope
of the carbon and its the only allotrope of
the carbon which conduct elecrtcity in
molten state because it completely
dis-s ociate into ions •
21- .

-t- ~ :l. 0

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Step 4: Predict the Nature of the Bond
The bonds formed by element 'M'
(Aluminum)with both CIA- and S04A(-2)
are ionic bonds. This is because Aluminum
donates its three valence electrons to form
a positively charged ion (AIA3+), while
Chlorine and Sulfate ions accept thiose
electrons to become negatively charged
ions. The electrostatic attraction between
the positively charged Aluminum ions and
the negatively charged ions leads to the
formation of ionic bonds.
Step 5: Electrical Conductivity of the
Compounds
In solid form, ionic compounds do not
conduct electricity because their ions are
fixed in place within the crystal lattice
structure and cannot move freely.
Therefore, the electrical conductivity of
solid AICl3 and Al2(S04)3 is low.

However, when these ionic compounds are

melted or dissolved in water, the ions
become free to move. In this state, they
can conduct electricity effectively. Thus,
the electrical conductivity of the
compounds will be low in solid state and
high in molten or aqueous state.

Summary of the Chemical Formulae and

Bond Nature
- Compounds Formed:
- With Cl A_: AICl3
- With S04/\(-2): Al2(S04)3
- Nature of Bond: Ionic bond
- Electrical Conductivity: Low in solid
state, high in molten or aqueous state.
'X' - Copper/ Cu and 'Y' - CuO

Diagram to represent the process of refining

of 'X

key
- I

Cathode ~.,__.Anod.e

Pure copper- · ➔
-Impure copper
Acidified copper
u.. sulphate solution

Tanlc
Impurities
(anode mud),
 For example,
At anode ( +): Cu(s) --> cu2 +(aq) + 2e-
(Impure)
At cathode (-): Cu2 +(aq) + 2e- --➔ Cu(s)
(Pure)

Net reaction : Cu( s) -4) Cu(s)

(Impure) (Pure)
➔ The soluble impurities pass into the solution
while the insoluble impurities such as gold,
silver, platinum are settled at the bottom of
the anode and are called anode-mud.
Justification for Substitution Reaction:

Change in the Hydrogen Atom: In a substitution

reaction, one or more atoms or groups of atoms
in a molecule are replaced by another atom or
group of atoms. In the case of methane (C H,a)
reacting with chlorine (Cl2) In sunlight, a
hydrogen atom in methane is replaced by a
chlorine atom.

Presence of a Halogen: Substitution reactions

often involve the replacement of hydrogen
atoms with halogens like chlorine, bromine, or
iodine. In this reaction , chlorine (a halogen)
replaces hydrogen, further confirming it as a
substitution reaction.
Balanced Chemical Equation:

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction

between methane and chlorine in the presence
of sunlight is as follows:
CH4(g) + C l2(g) + C fJ3Cl(g) + HCl(g)

In this equation:
Methane (C H,i) is reacting with chlorine (Cl2).

A chlorine atom replaces one of the hydrogen

atoms in methane, resulting in the formation of
methyl chloride (CH aCl).
Hydrogen chloride (HCI) gas is also produced as
a byproduct.

The reaction is ioilia!ed bx !be eorrgy from