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Hydrostatics Applies To Both Floating and Submerged

Fluid statics deals with fluids at rest, while fluid dynamics examines fluids in motion. Pascal's law states that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions throughout a fluid. Gauge pressure measures pressure above atmospheric pressure, while vacuum or negative pressure measures pressure below atmospheric. Bernoulli's principle relates pressure and velocity in flowing fluids, such that as velocity increases, pressure decreases. Laminar flow involves parallel non-intersecting streamlines, while turbulent flow has irregular intersecting streamlines. The hydraulic grade line represents potential head, while the energy grade line includes velocity head.

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31 views3 pages

Hydrostatics Applies To Both Floating and Submerged

Fluid statics deals with fluids at rest, while fluid dynamics examines fluids in motion. Pascal's law states that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions throughout a fluid. Gauge pressure measures pressure above atmospheric pressure, while vacuum or negative pressure measures pressure below atmospheric. Bernoulli's principle relates pressure and velocity in flowing fluids, such that as velocity increases, pressure decreases. Laminar flow involves parallel non-intersecting streamlines, while turbulent flow has irregular intersecting streamlines. The hydraulic grade line represents potential head, while the energy grade line includes velocity head.

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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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(From Fluid Mechanics last sem) Simple manometer – it consists of a U-shaped tube, part

of which is filled with manometric fluid.


Fluid Statics – is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals
with the behavior or response if fluid when they are at Mechanical pressure transducer – device which is use to
rest. transfer energy from one system to other.

Pascal’s Law – “Pressure at any point of fluid is same in all Bourden Gauge – used to measure high pressure either
directions when the fluids is at rest” positive or negative

Atmospheric Pressure – pressure exerted by the Electrical pressure transducer – converts displacement of
atmosphere. mechanical measuring system to an electrical signal

-weight of air per unit surface of earth Specific Gravity of fluids at 20deg Celcius:

- decreases with increase in elevation with SAE 30 Oil 0.89


respect to surface of earth Oil 0.80
Salt water 1.03
- standard atmospheric pressure at mean sea Mercury 13.6
level is 101.325 kPa Ethyl Alcohol 0.79
Toluene 0.866
Gauge Pressure – pressure more than atmospheric
pressure
Specific Gravity of fluids at 25deg Celcius:
Vacuum/negative pressure – pressure less than
atmospheric pressure Ethyl Alcohol 0.785
Methyl Alcohol 0.786
Absolute pressure – pressure measure relative to Propyl Alcohol 0.799
absolute zero Benzene 0.873
Butane 0.599
Barometer – device used to measure the atmospheric Castor Oil 0.956
pressure at any point on the earth Chloride 1.56
Glycerin 1.259
2 types of barometer: Toluene 0.862

1. Liquid barometer – measures the liquid with the


help of column of liquid Buoyancy – is the concept that helps to explain why
2. Aneroid barometer – measures atmospheric objects seem to weigh less in water and why certain
pressure by its action on an electric lid of objects float
evacuated box
Archimedes Principle – states that “any body immersed in
Mercury – preferred liquid because its vapor pressure is a fluid is acted upon by an upward force ( buoyant force )
minimum equal to the weight of displaced fluid.

Gauge pressure – defined as the normal compressive - this principle is also known as the law of
force per unit area hydrostatics applies to both floating and submerged
bodies and to all fluids.
Vacuum Pressure – defined as the normal tensile force
per unit area Fluid Kinematics – branch of fluid mechanics which deals
with response of fluid in motion without considering the
Piezometer – used to measure pressure in pipes or
forces and energies in them
vessels
Geometry of motion – the study of kinematics
Fluid kinematics – is the study how fluid flow and how to Laminar flow – when the path of individual fluid particles
describe fluid motion do not cross or intersect. The flow is always laminar when
Reynolds number is less than approximately 2,100.
Continuum –is the study of average properties evaluated
over a small volume containing a large number of Turbulent flow – when the path of individual particles are
molecules irregular and continuously cross each other. Turbulent
flow normally occurs when the Reynold’s number exceed
DESCRIPTION OF FLUID FLOWS: 2,100 ( although the most common situation is when it
Langrangian description – is one in which individual fluid exceeds 4000)
particles are tracked, much like the tracking of billiard One-dimensional flow – this occurs when an
balls in high school experiment incompressible fluid, the direction and magnitude of the
Eulerian Description – is one on which a control volume is velocity at all points are identical
defined, within which fluid flow properties of interest are
Two-dimensional flow – this occurs when the fluid
expressed as fields. particles move in plane or parallel planes and the
METHODS OF VISUALIZING FLUID FLOWS streamline patterns are identical in each plane.

Streamline – is the line everywhere tangent to the Energy – is defined as the ability to do work
velocity vector at a given instant of time. A streamline is Potential energy – may in turn be subdivided into energy
an instantaneous pattern. due to position or elevation above the given datum, and
Streakline –is the locus of particles which have earlier energy due to pressure in the fluid.
passed through a prescribed point in space. A streakline is Head – the amount of energy per pound or Newton of
an integrated pattern. fluid.
Pathline – is the actual path traversed by a given fluid Kinetic energy – the ability of the fluid mass to do work
particle. A pathline is an integrated pattern. by virtue of its velocity
Timeline – is a set of fluid particles that form a line Elevation energy (Potential energy) – the energy
segment at a given instant of time. possessed by the fluid by virtue of its position or
FLUID DYNAMICS elevation with respect to a datum plane

Rate of flow – quantity of fluid passing through any Total flow energy – is the sum of the kinetic energy and
section in a unit time potential energies

Steady flow – this occurs when the discharge Q passing a


given cross-section is constant with time. If the flow Q at
Power – is the rate at which the work is done
the cross section varies with time, the flow is unsteady
Bernoulli’s principle – as the speed of the moving fluid
Uniform flow – this occurs if, with the steady length, or increases, the pressure within that fluid decreases
reach of the stream, the average velocity of flow is the
same at every cross-section. In stream where the cross- -formulated in 1738 by Swiss mathematician and
sections and velocity changes, the flow is said to be non- physicist Daniel Bernoulli
uniform.
Bernoulli’s principle – state that “ the total energy in a
Continuous flow – this occurs when at any time, the steadily flowing fluid system is a constant along the flow
discharge Q at every section of the steam is the same path.”
Ideal or theoretical values – neglecting the head lost in
fluid flow

Actual values – values that can be attained considering


head lost

Pump – is used basically to increase the head. The power


input of the pump is electrical energy and its output is the
flow energy.

Hydraulic grade line (HGL) also called hydraulic gradient


and potential gradient is the graphical representation of
the potential head(pressure head + elevation head)

- it is the line to which the liquid rises in


successive piezometer tubes.

Energy grade line – is always above the hydraulic grade


line by an amount equal to the velocity head.

- it is the graphical representation of the total


energy flow.

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