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Lect 10

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47 views29 pages

Lect 10

Lecture not

Uploaded by

shahd.abdelmjeed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 10

Heat Transfer
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
 We want to know the rate at which
energy is transferred
 There are various mechanisms
responsible for the transfer:
 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
Conduction
 The transfer can be viewed on an atomic
scale
 It is an exchange of energy between
microscopic particles by collisions
 The microscopic particles can be atoms,
molecules or free electrons
 Less energetic particles gain energy during
collisions with more energetic particles
 Rate of conduction depends upon the
characteristics of the substance
Conduction, equation
 The slab at right allows
energy to transfer from
the region of higher
temperature to the region
of lower temperature
 The rate of transfer is
given by:
Q dT
  kA
t dx
Conduction, equation
explanation
 A is the cross-sectional area
 Δx is the thickness of the slab
 Or the length of a rod
 P is in Watts when Q is in Joules and t
is in seconds
 k is the thermal conductivity of the
material
 Good conductors have high k values and
good insulators have low k values
Temperature Gradient
 The quantity |dT / dx| is
called the temperature
gradient of the material
 It measures the rate at
which temperature varies
with position
 For a rod, the
temperature gradient dT Th  Tc
can be expressed as: 
dx L
Rate of Energy Transfer in a Rod
 Using the temperature gradient for the
rod, the rate of energy transfer
becomes:

 Th  Tc 
  kA  
 L 
Compound Slab
 For a compound slab containing several
materials of various thicknesses (L1, L2,
…) and various thermal conductivities
(k1, k2, …) the rate of energy transfer
depends on the materials and the
temperatures at the outer edges:
A Th  Tc 

  Li ki 
i
Some Thermal Conductivities
More Thermal Conductivities
Home Insulation
 Substances are rated by their R values
 R = L / k and the rate becomes
A Th  Tc 

 Ri
i

 For multiple layers, the total R value is the


sum of the R values of each layer
 Wind increases the energy loss by
conduction in a home
Problem
Two slabs of thickness L1 and L2 and thermal
conductivities k1 and k2 are in thermal contact
with each other as shown in Figure. The
temperatures of their outer surfaces are Tc
and Th, respectively. Determine (i) the
temperature at the interface and (ii) the rate
of energy transfer by conduction through an
area A of the slabs in the steady-state
condition.
Solution
express the rate at which energy is
transferred through an area A of slab 1:

Express the rate at which energy is


transferred through the same area of slab 2:
Problem
A thermal window with an area
of 6.00 m2 is constructed of two
layers of glass, each 4.00 mm
thick, and separated from each
other by an air space of 5.00
mm. If the inside surface is at
20.0°C and the outside is at –
30.0°C, what is the rate of
energy transfer by conduction
through the window?
Solution
Convection
 Energy transferred by the movement of
a substance
 When the movement results from
differences in density, it is called natural
convection
 When the movement is forced by a fan or
a pump, it is called forced convection
Convection example
 Air directly above
the radiator is
warmed and
expands
 The density of the
air decreases, and it
rises
 A continuous air
current is
established
Solar House
Desert Air Conditioner
How it works
Radiation
 Radiation does not require physical
contact
 All objects radiate energy continuously
in the form of electromagnetic waves
due to thermal vibrations of their
molecules
 Rate of radiation is given by Stefan’s
law
Stefan’s Law
 P = σAeT 4
 P is the rate of energy transfer, in Watts
 σ = 5.6696 x 10-8 W/m2 . K4
 A is the surface area of the object
 e is a constant called the emissivity
 e varies from 0 to 1
 The emissivity is also equal to the absorptivity
 T is the temperature in Kelvins
Energy Absorption and
Emission by Radiation
 With its surroundings, the rate at which
the object at temperature T with
surroundings at To radiates is
 Pnet = σAe (T 4 –To4)
 When an object is in equilibrium with its
surroundings, it radiates and absorbs at
the same rate
 Its temperature will not change
Ideal Absorbers
 An ideal absorber is defined as an
object that absorbs all of the energy
incident on it
 e=1
 This type of object is called a black
body
 An ideal absorber is also an ideal
radiator of energy
Ideal Reflector
 An ideal reflector absorbs none of the
energy incident on it
 e=0
Problem
The surface of the Sun has a temperature of
about 5800 K. The radius of the Sun is 6.96 
108 m. Calculate the total energy radiated by
the Sun each second. Assume that the
emissivity is 0.965.
Solution
The Dewar Flask
 A Dewar flask is a container designed to
minimize the energy losses by
conduction, convection, and radiation
 It is used to store either cold or hot
liquids for long periods of time
 A Thermos bottle is a common household
equivalent of a Dewar flask
Dewar Flask, Details
 The space between the walls
is a vacuum to minimize
energy transfer by conduction
and convection
 The silvered surface minimizes
energy transfers by radiation
 Silver is a good reflector
 The size of the neck is
reduced to further minimize
energy losses

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