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abhijeetsingh167873
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Magnetic Circuit

Topics to be Discussed

Magneto motive Force (MMF).


Magnetic Field Strength (H).
Magnetic Permeability(µ).
Magnetic Flux Density(B).
Reluctance (R).
Permeance(G).
Leakage Flux.
Analogy between Electric and Magnetic Circuits.
Composite Magnetic Circuit.
Introduction
Unlike electric field lines, the lines of magnetic flux
form closed loops.
A magnetic circuit is a closed path followed by lines
of magnetic flux.
A copper wire, because of its high conductivity,
confines the electric current within itself.
Similarly, a ferromagnetic material (such as iron or
steel), due to its high permeability, confines magnetic
flux within itself.
Magnetic Fields

Magnetic fields can be visualized as


lines of flux that form closed paths.

Using a compass, we can determine


the direction of the flux lines at any
point.

Note that the flux density vector B is


tangent to the lines of flux.
Illustrations of the right-hand rule
Force on Moving Electric Charge
A charge moving through a magnetic field experiences a force
f perpendicular to both the velocity u and flux density B.
Force on Moving Electric Charge
A charge q moving through a magnetic field experiences a force f
perpendicular to both the velocity u and flux density B.

where u is the velocity vector and B is a magnetic field.


The magnitude of this force is

Current that flows through a conductor are electron charges in


motion so the force acting on the wire with current in the magnetic
field is

and in the straight wire of the length l crossing the field under
angle
Magneto motive Force (MMF)

The electric current is due to the existence of an


electromotive force (emf).
By analogy, we may say that in a magnetic circuit, the
magnetic flux is due to the existence of a magneto motive
force (mmf).
mmf is caused by a current flowing through one or more
turns.
The value of the mmf is proportional to the current and
the number of turns.
It is expressed in ampere turns (At).
But for the purpose of dimensional analysis, it is
expressed in amperes.
Magnetic Field Strength (H)
The mmf per meter length of the magnetic circuit is termed as
the magnetic field strength, magnetic field intensity, or
magnetizing force.
It units are ampere-turns per meter (At/m) .
Its value is independent of the medium.
Magnetic Permeability (μ)
If the core of the toroid is vacuum or air, the magnetic flux
density B in the core bears a definite ratio to the magnetic field
strength H.
This ratio is called permeability of free space.
Thus, for vacuum or air,
Magnetic Permeability (μ)
The flux produced by the given mmf is greatly increased, if
iron replaces the air in the core.
As a result, the flux density B also increases many times.
In general, we can write B = μH.
μ is called the permeability of the material.
Normally, we write μ = μr μ0.
μr is called relative permeability (just a number).
Reluctance (R) and Permeance (G)
The current in an electric circuit is limited by the presence of
resistance of the electric circuit.
Similarly, the flux Φ in a magnetic circuit is limited by the
presence of the reluctance of the magnetic circuit,

The reciprocal of reluctance is known as Permeance (G).


Proof of Ohm’s law in Magnetic Circuit
Theory
For a toroid, mmf, F = NI ampere-turns.
Because of this mmf, a magnetic field of strength H is set up
throughout the length l.
Therefore, F = Hl
If, B is the flux density, total flux is given as
Φ=B×A
Dividing, we get
Comparing this with

We get
Analogy between Electric and
Magnetic Circuits
Example 1
Calculate the magneto motive force (mmf) required to
produce a flux of 0.015 Wb across an air gap of 2.5
mm long, having an effective area of 200 cm2.
Solution :
Composite Magnetic Circuit
Case 1 :
Case 2 : (with air gap) Total reluctance,
Since the relative permeability μr (= μ1/ μ0) of steel is
very large (of the order of thousand), the major
contribution in the total reluctance R is by the air-gap,
though its length l2 may be quite small (say, a few
millimeters).
Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Flux Law (KFL) : The total magnetic flux
towards a junction is equal to the total magnetic flux
away from that junction.
Kirchhoff’s Magneto motive Force Law (KML) : In a
closed magnetic circuit, the algebraic sum of the
product of the magnetic field strength and the length of
each part of the circuit is equal to the resultant
magneto motive force.
Steps to solve a problem on magnetic
circuit
Magnetic Circuits
Example 1

Magnetic circuit below relative permeability of the core


material is 6000 its rectangular cross section is 2 cm by 3 cm.
The coil has 500 turns. Find the current needed to establish a flux
density in the gap of Bgap=0.25 T.

5/2/2023 23
Magnetic Circuits
Example 1
Magnetic circuit below relative permeability of the core material is 6000 its
rectangular cross section is 2 cm by 3 cm. The coil has 500 turns. Find the
current needed to establish a flux density in the gap of Bgap=0.25 T.

Medium length of the magnetic path in the core is lcore=4*6-0.5=23.5cm, and


the cross section area is Acore= 2cm*3cm = 6*10-4 m2
the core permeability is

5/2/2023 24
Magnetic Circuits
Example 1
The core reluctance is

the gap area is computed by adding the gap length to each dimension of
cross-section:

thus the gap reluctance is:

5/2/2023 25
Magnetic Circuits
Example 1.
Total reluctance is

based on the given flux density B in the gap, the flux is

thus magnetomotive force is

thus the coil current must be

5/2/2023 26
Magnetic Materials
In general, relationship between B and H in magnetic materials is
nonlinear.
Magnetic fields of atoms in small domains are aligned (Fig. 15.18 b).
Field directions are random for various domains, so the external magnetic
field is zero.
When H is increased the magnetic fields tend to align with the applied field.

5/2/2023 27
Magnetic Materials
Domains tend to maintain their alignment even if the applied field is reduced
to zero.
For very large applied field all the domains are aligned with the field and the
slope of B-H curve approaches μ0.
When H is reduced to 0 from point 3 on the curve, a residual flux density B
remains in the core.
When H is increased in the reverse direction B is reduced to 0.
Hysteresis result from ac current

5/2/2023 28
Energy Loss
Energy lost in the core (converted to heat) during ac operation per cycle
is proportional to the area of hysteresis loop.
To minimize this energy loss use materials with thin hysteresis

But for permanent magnet we need to use materials with thick


hysteresis and large residual field.

Energy is also lost due to eddy currents in the core material


This can be minimized with isolated sheets of metal or powdered
iron cores with insulating binder to interrupt the current flow.

5/2/2023 29
Doubts ??

5/2/2023 30

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