Task 1: -

a) It’s required to describe with a schematic representation the main

turbomachines classifications according to: -
1) Energy transfer: -
Types of energy transfer: -
a) Power producing: -
In this type, high-energy fluid is transferred into the rotor, and an output shaft is required to
obtain low-energy fluid.
b) Power absorbing: -
The fluid with low energy transfers into the impeller in this type, and a work like an input
shaft is required to obtain a fluid with high energy.

2) The direction of fluid flow: -

a) Tangential flow: -
The fluid flow is tangential to the rotor in this type such as ‘’Pelton water turbine’’

b) Radial flow: -
The fluid flow along the radius of the rotor is categorized as follows: -
i) Radial inward flow such as ‘’Old fancies turbine’’
ii) Radial Outward flow such as ‘’Centrifugal Pump’’

c) Axial Flow: -
The fluid flow is more or less parallel to the shaft axis in this type such as ‘’Kaplan Turbine
and Axial flow compressor’’
3) The action of fluid on the moving blade: -
a) Impulse turbine: -
- Impulse turbines operate based on the change of
velocity vectors. In general, the potential energy of the
water or another fluid such as ‘’steam’’ based on the
height of the waterfall is converted into kinetic energy
by one or more nozzles and then water hits the
turbine blades at high speed causing the turbine to
spin and consequently generates electricity. These
turbines are more suitable for extracting energy from
the high head and low flow conditions.
For example: - ‘’Pelton water turbine’’

b) Reaction Turbine: -
- As the reaction turbine starts to work, a high
velocity with low-pressure water jet enters into the
casing. As long as water remains in the casing, it
begins to flow through the guide vanes to the
impeller blade, the guide blade guides the water jet
toward the impeller or runner and the water hits the
impeller blade at the right angle for maximum performance. The water flowing through the
spiral casing has a uniform reduction in cross-sectional area, which means that the volute
casing’s pressure remains constant.
For example: - ‘’’Fransis turbine and Kaplan turbine’’
4) Fluid handled: -
1) Water that used in Pump or Hydraulic Turbines
2) Steam that used in Steam Turbines
3) Gas or air that used in Compressor and turbines
5) The position of rotating shaft: -
- Inclined shaft turbine such as Modern bulb micro
- Horizontal shaft turbine such as Steam turbine
- Vertical shaft turbine such as Kaplan turbine
B) Applications of turbomachines
a) Diesel engine
b) Air craft Gas turbines like Rockets
c) Power generation ‘’Steam Turbines’’
d) Power generation ’’Gas turbines’’
e) Hydropower
Describe of Diesel Engine: -
Turbochargers, which are small gas turbines, are applied to small and large Diesel engines,
to increase the effective mean piston
pressure and therefore improve the
thermal efficiency of Diesel engine. It
consists of an air filter, inlet nozzle, a
radial compressor stage, driven by a
single stage axial turbine. Exhaust gas
from Diesel engine enters the
turbocharger turbine side and drives
the turbine. The turbine drives the
compressor stage that sucks air from
the environment and delivers it to the
piston, thereby substantially increasing
the mean effective piston pressure and
thermal efficiency of the engine. High
efficiency of 45% are achieved by turbocharging large engines. The compression process is
accomplished by a single radial impeller.
Compare the difference between positive displacement machine and turbo machine: -

Positive displacement machine Turbo machines

- Fluid energy is converted into mechanical - Fluid energy is converted into mechanical
energy or vice versa by the dynamic action energy or vice versa by the dynamic action
of the fluid's positive displacement action. (change in momentum) between the fluid
- The process working with law speed and the rotor.

- The high vibration concerns are caused by - The operation working at high speed
positive displacement motion.
- The rotating motion reduces vibration
- Very complicated design issues and makes it less noticeable.

- High effeceinecy - Very simple design

- Low effeciency
Such as: - Such as: -
Engines and reciprocating air compressor Hydraulic turbines, Gas turbines and Steam
turbines
Task (1) P2: -
The main component of Turbo Jet Engine: -
Diffuser: -
-Air is available here. The space is designed in such a way that air kinetic energy is minimized
while pressure energy increases.
-The molecules of air are compressed. It's an isentropic (constant entropy) component. The
basic function of a simple diffuser is to distribute the air.
Compressor: -
-The compressor's main role is to compress the air that comes from the diffuser, increasing
the temperature and pressure of the air.
-The amount of kinetic energy is lowered. It's an isentropic (constant entropy) component.
Turbines: -
- The high-pressure energy released by the burnt charges turns the turbine blades, as well as
the compressor. It's an isentropic (constant entropy) component.
Nuzzles: -
- The nozzle simulates the emission of exhaust gas into the atmosphere. When the charge
arrives, the pressure energy is lowered and the kinetic energy is increased, resulting in more
thrust being created.
- The power given for creating thrust to move the engine ahead is at the end of the nozzle,
which is useful for sending the jet forward.
The Working principles of Turbo Jet Engine: -
Air is first supplied into the diffuser. The diffuser work is to diffuse the air hence the
molecular of the air get together, now from the diffuser, air comes into the compressor. The
compressor compresses the air hence the pressure energy is increased, now from
compressor it sends to the combustion chamber where a pump is fitted and with the help of
the pump there is a small hole or you can say fuel injector is fitted. The fuel is supplied here
with very less amount (lean mixture the ratio of air to fuel is 50:1), in the combustion
chamber, the mixture of air and fuel gets completely burned. The burning gas has high-
pressure energy which is directly send to the turbine, here the turbine blades rotate and
shafts are connected between the compressor and the turbine. The charges of pressure
energy are reduced and kinetic energy increased, The turbine also works s for a rotating
compressor for getting much air from outside, Then from here it directly comes to the nozzle
here with the thrust of the charge is created, Thrust moves the engine into the
perpendicular direction and From nozzle, the exhaust gases are released.

T-S diagram: -
- 1-2 Isentropic Increase in Pressure (Diffuser).
- 2-3 Isentropic Compression (Compressor).
- 3-4 Isobaric Heat Addition (Combustor).
- 4-5 Isentropic Expansion (Turbine).
- 5-6 Isentropic Decrease in Pressure with an Increase in Fluid Velocity
(Nozzle).
Task 3 (P5): -
Classifications for the Hydraulic Turbomachines
Turbines can classified to: -
a) Reaction turbines such as ‘’Kaplan Turbine and Francis turbine’’: -
These turbines work due to reaction of the pressure difference between the inlet and the
outlet of the runner.
b) Impulse Turbines such as ‘’Pelton Wheel’’
An impulse turbine has a runner that rotates due to the impact or impulse action of water.
1) Kaplan Turbine: -
Is an axial reaction flow turbine and has
adjustable blades. When the water flows
parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft,
the turbine is known as the axial flow turbine,
And if the head of the inlet of the turbine is the
sum of pressure energy and kinetic energy
during the flow of water through a runner a part
of pressure energy is converted into kinetic
energy, the turbine is known as reaction turbine.
2) Francis Turbine: -
-Francis Turbine is a combination of both impulse
and reaction turbine, where the blades rotate using
both reaction and impulse force of water flowing
through them producing electricity more efficiently.
Francis turbine is used for the production of
electricity in hydro power stations. Majorly there
are 2 turbines flow patterns on which they work,
namely radial and axial flow concepts.
-It's a reaction turbine with inward flow that blends
radial and axial flow ideas. Today, the Francis
turbine is the most widely utilized water turbine.
-The Francis turbine it has a head range of 10 meters to several hundred meters and is
largely utilized in the production of electrical power.
3) Pelton Wheel: -
A Pelton wheel turbine is a best
appropriate turbine for low water
flow and high head (pressure)
applications. This turbine has a big
impeller or wheel that has multiple
numbers of blades to absorb
underwater energy. The blades are
used in pairs to balance the wheels
and work efficiently properly.

Describe of centrifugal pump: -

A mechanical device that transfers rotational
energy from one or more driven rotors, known
as impellers, to move a fluid. Fluid enters the
impeller along its axis and is cast out
throughout its circumference by centrifugal
force through the impeller's vane tips. The
impeller increases the velocity and pressure of
the fluid while also directing it towards the
pump output. The pump casing is designed to
compress fluid entering the pump, direct it into
the impeller, and then slow and control it before discharge.

Describe of Axial pump: -

An axial flow pump is an impeller with vanes that direct the flow axially. In this way, they
differ from most other centrifugal pumps, which direct the flow more radially. In general,
axial flow pumps create less pressure (head) than radial
flow centrifugal pumps, but they can produce much
higher flow rates.
Task 2 (P3): -
Diffuser: -
-A diffuser is a device that allows fluid to flow more slowly. That is, as pressure rises, the
fluid's velocity drops.
- Considering the diffuser as insulated so no heat transfer, So Q. =0
- No work done so W.=0
- Height is same so Z1=Z2
Energy equation: -

H-S Diagram: -
Nozzle: -
-It's the device that boosts the speed while lowering the pressure.
- When assuming the nozzle as insulated, there is no heat transfer. As a result, we'll choose
Q.=0.
Energy equation: -

The efficiency of nozzle: -

Steam Turbine: -
The rotor of a steam turbine is supported by bearings and housed in a cylindrical casing.
Steam impinges on attached vanes or blades, exerting a force in the tangential direction,
turning the rotor. As a result, a steam turbine can be thought of as a complicated collection
of windmill-like devices all mounted on the same shaft.
Energy equation: -

The efficiency of turbine: -

Compressor: -
- The steam cycle's heart is the compressor. The cycle starts when the compressor pulls low-
pressure gas from the interior into tubs. The primary purpose of the motor-driven
compressor is to "squeeze" the steam, increasing its pressure so that it escapes as high-
pressure gas.
Energy equation: -

Efficiency of Compressor: -

Combustion Chamber: -
An internal combustion engine's combustion chamber is where the fuel/air mixture is burnt.
The word has also been applied to a firebox extension used in steam engines to allow for a
more complete combustion process.

Energy equation: -

Efficiency equation: -

H-S Diagram: -