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Chapter 1 - ENJOY

Secondary Education (Tarlac Agricultural University)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

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CHAPTER 1: ACTION RESEARCH

ACTIVITY 1: UNDERSTANDING ACTION RESEARCH
Objectives:

1. Understand the concept and importance of action research;

2. Analyze action research done in the school.

Education Theory
Give what is asked below:
1. What is Action Research?
Action Research oftenly use in the field of education. Action Research is an interactive
method of collecting information that used to explore topics of teaching, curriculum
development and student behavior in the classroom. Action Research is very popular in the field
of education because there is always room improvement when it comes to teaching and
educating others. Additionally, there are all types of methods of teaching in the classroom but
action research offers the opportunity for continued reflection.

2. Importance of Action Research

In all professional fields, the main goal of action research is to improve processes. More
importantly, action research focuses in solving specific classroom or school problems, improving
practice and helping to make decision in a local site. Thus, this encourages teachers to examine
the dynamics of their classroom and challenge existing practices. Also, it provides practitioners
with new knowledge and understanding about how to improve educational practices or resolve
significant problems in classroom and schools. (Mills,2011; Stringer,2008)

1. Guided Practice
1. 1. Interview a resource teacher(s) who has/have experience(s) in conducting action research
near you/your cooperating school and ask the following questions
A. Preliminary Activity: Find answers on the following questions
1. Does the school have a research agenda?
Yes, but the school failed to or cannot make action research.

2. What are included in the research agenda?

 Problem of the students
 Solution

3. Is there a policy for teachers to conduct action research?

Yes, because that is the main purpose of action research is to help since there is a criterion in
promotion where if you have research there is a point in the ranking.

4. What is the focus of their action research?

The main focus of the action research is the student’s discipline.
5. Is there available funding for this action research?
Yes.

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1.2 Analysis of the Action Research

B. Examine the previous action research conducted by the teacher(s) in the school you chose to
conduct this activity.
Needed Information Data
 How many action research are conducted each year? 3
 How many teachers are doing action research? 3 teachers
 What are the topics of their action research?  The Effectiveness of E-TASK
(Electronic TLE Assessment
of Student Knowledge and
Skills) Intervention toward
addressing Learners
Academic Performance in
TVL Animal Production.

Written Communication
competencies of JHS
Learners of Birbira High
School under Modular
Distance Learning: Basis for a
Propose of Intervention
 How many action research were published or Zero
presented in a conference?
 How many action research were funded by the school Zero
or outside agency?

C. Conduct an interview. Ask the following questions:

1. Are you aware of the action research process? Yes

2. What prompted you to conduct action research?

I`ve been o in the government (DepEd) service for more than ten years, to conduct and
action research will probably highlight my career as a teacher this is the very reason why I push
myself to conduct action research.

3. What are your action research topics?

The Effectiveness of E-TASK (Electronic TLE Assessment of Student Knowledge and Skills)
Intervention toward addressing Learners Academic Performance in TVL Animal Production.

4. Do you have enough time to conduct action research? Yes

5. What are your action research topics?

The Effectiveness of E-TASK (Electronic TLE Assessment of Student Knowledge and Skills)
Intervention toward addressing Learners Academic Performance in TVL Animal Production.

6. How did the action research improve your teaching practices?

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As to the title of my action research which deals on student's willingness or learn thru
online lessons it would improve my digital technical know-how to craft lessons that is
appropriate for online lesson

7. How did action research enhance students’ learning? The effectiveness of the action research
depends on the students’ learning capacities, if the result of each assessment is more than
expected I would say that the learning capabilities of the learners was enhanced.

8. How did you disseminate the results of your action research?

If I can conduct it and if the result is good, I will make it a SLAC proposal or INSET

2.Processing
Examine the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:
1. Does the school and the teachers have a research culture? Yes
2. Are the teachers aware of the process in conducting action research? Yes
3. How did action research improve the teaching and learning practices in the school?
It enables teachers to reflect on what they would like to alter, explore what others doing
in the field ad experiment with practice in a controlled. And the teaching and learning process
empowered every teacher with the data that may help teacher and provide a specific strategy
effectively.
4. What are the things that could be done to encourage the teachers to conduct action research?
Make it easy for teachers to engage with research evidence and encourage an evidence-
informed culture by making research findings accessible; identifying context-specific evidence for
teachers; making it a whole school priority; and using appropriate internal and external support.

3.Reflection
Write your reflection by completing the following statements:
 I realized that:
Action research is important in the teaching and learning process because it allows
teachers to discover more about different instructional strategies, solidify our pedagogical
repertoire, and reflect on how we demonstrate.

 I believe it is essential to:

As a pre-service teacher, I believe that understanding the various contexts in relation to
action that may take place is critical because as I progress through my teaching career, it will
assist me to develop additional knowledge within the academic environment that permits me to
learn with the different intervention with the goal of developing my personal and professional
advancement.

 From now on, I am determined to:

Focus on the different problems that exists in the classroom and school setting
specifically to the student behavior that takes place because in every teaching learning problem,
there is always a solution.

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ACTIVITY 2: PURPOSES OF ACTION RESEARCH

Objectives:
1. Discuss the purposes for conducting action research; and
2. Analyze the purposes of action research done in a school.
Education Theory
Give what is asked below:
What are the purposes of action research?

The purposes of action research in education is to improve teaching and learning by

taking a collaborative, reflective, problem-solving approach to investigating classroom practice.
Action research involves cycles of planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting on changes
made to improve practice.

1. Guided Practice
1. 1. Interview a resource teacher(s) who has/have experience(s) in conducting action research
near you/your cooperating school and ask the following questions
a. Who influenced you to conduct action research?
It’s my own free will to do the action research, to further enhance my professional
development.

b. What prompted you to conduct action research?

I`ve been o in the government (DepEd) service for more than ten years, to conduct and
action research will probably highlight my career as a teacher this is the very reason why I push
myself to conduct action research.

c. What is your experience when you conducted your first action research?
My experience when I conducted my first action research was struggles, it’s just facing a
blank wall. There are so many doubts in my mind. Nonetheless I still continue to pursue my
research.

d. How do you disseminate the results of your action research to other teachers?
In order for my co-teachers to know the result of my action research, a personal
documentation writher report will be crafted.

e. How does action research help you as a teacher?

Action research is a tool to innovate a certain strategy that would probably change the
old practice in teaching-learning process thru experimentation.

f. What are the lessons you learned from your action research experiences?
My action research helps me recognize what's going on in each school environment and
detect gaps that will enhance the learning experience.

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1.2 Interview the principal using these questions. Write his/her answers on the space below.
a. How did action research improve the research culture of the teachers?
In action research, if you have a problem in a teaching and learning process pr the scope
of your job, you will be going to find a solution. Hence, action research is the base for you to find
a solution in a problem while you are doing your research and on your job.

b. What are the positive benefits of action research to your school?

To patch up the gap in the teaching learning process depending on the research that you
are doing. It must be specific because you need to focus on action research that you are doing
whilst finding a solution since there`s a lot of problem e.g., discipline of students.

c. How did action research develop school performance?

Generally, it has a point, to gain more points in the school-based management
evaluation and the curriculum level of the school will increased.

d. How did action research improve the quality of students’ learning?

As of now, teachers only prepare proposals and there is no implementation yet that is
why there`s no result.

e. What curricular and instructional motivations were developed as a result of action research?
None, since there is no implementation yet.

1.3 Analyze sample action research in school. Read each action research carefully. Select at least
2 action research. Identify the purposes of each.
Title of Action Research Purposes
The Effectiveness of E-TASK (Electronic  The purpose of present investigation is to
TLE Assessment of Student Knowledge test whether the innovation on an online
and Skills) Intervention toward database platform for the repository of
addressing Learners Academic performance tasks and e-learning videos
Performance in TVL Animal Production. will have impactful significance on the
learners' academic performance as
evidenced by their mastery level on a
specific learning competency.

2. Processing
Examine the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:
Questions Answers
1. How many action research aimed to one
improve the curricular content?
2. How many action research aimed to one
improve instruction?
3. How many action research aimed to zero
improve students’ behavior motivation?
4. How many action research aimed to two
improve teaching practices

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5. How many action research were done zero

collaboratively?
6. How many action research were
disseminated in conferences, seminars, zero
or publication in journals?
7. What percentage of teachers are doing 10%
action research?
8. How many teachers think that research 5
are helpful?

Do you think action research helped develop a culture of excellence among teachers and
students? Explain your answer.
Definitely yes. Because through the use of action research it will encourage to have a
better view and understanding to both teaching and learning. With the emphasis of cultural
excellence among teacher and student it will revitalize the entire learning community that will
encourage student to develop a deep understanding of themselves and others in changing and
reflecting on classroom practice significantly.

3. Reflection
Write your reflection by completing the following statements:
 I realized that:
Action study is essential in every educator because it ensures that a feasible proposition
to any social or behavioral problem that can be discovered among students. It entails conducting
research on his or her own pursuits as well as potential actions to take in strategy to reach them.

 I believe it is essential to:

Have the courage and make a collaborative effort on the part of both the researcher
(teacher) and the institution to successfully complete or integrate action research that is
valuable to the curriculum development of the entire school or any school that may improve
student academic learning.

 From now on, I am determined to:

Learn about action research so that I can adapt it in my teaching career. Because action
research is an important parameter in evaluating whether or not a feasible solution to a problem
arises.

ACTIVITY 3: SELECTING TOPICS and QUESTIONS for ACTION RESEARCH

Objectives:
1. Learn criteria for selecting good topics and questions for action research;
2. Identify good topics and questions for action research; and
3. Analyze topics of action research done in a school.

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Education Theory
Give what is asked below:
1. How to select good topics and good research questions based on the topics selected?
The first step is to choose a topic. If you have the option, choose a topic that interests
you. Consider your topic comprehensively and conduct preliminary research by having to consult
subject reference books, encyclopedias, or textbooks. You can also look through current
academic journals or browse shelves of publications organized by specific topic to get ideas for
research topics.
2. What should be considered by the teacher-researchers in selecting research questions?
 Focused on a single problem or issue.
 Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources.
 Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints.
 Specific enough to answer thoroughly.
 Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or thesis.
3. Give examples of good research questions
 What are the socio-cultural influences on high school completion and how might these be
addressed?
 What is the level of academic performance of the respondents after the interventions?
 Is there a significant difference between respondent`s level of academic performance?
 What is the level of academic performance of the respondents after the intervention?
 What are the lived experiences of Grade 11 learners as they go through the intervention?

1. Guided Practice
A. Preliminary Activity. Examine all the available action research conducted in your cooperating
school within the past two years or interview a teacher-researcher. Write the title(s) and the
research questions for each title in the table below.
Title of Research Research Questions
The Effectiveness of E-TASK (Electronic TLE 1. 1. What is the level of academic performance of
Assessment of Student Knowledge and Skills) the respondents after the interventions?
Intervention toward addressing Learners 2. 2. Is there a significant difference between
Academic Performance in TVL Animal Production. respondent`s level of academic performance?
3. 3. What is the level of academic performance of
the respondents after the intervention?
4. 4. What are the lived experiences of Grade 11
learners as they go through the intervention?

B. Interview the teacher-researcher using these questions. Summarize and write their answers
on the space below
a. How did you select your topic for action research?
I selected the topic for my action research because of timely approach of the new
normal education.

b. What prompted you to embark on these topics?

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The research that prompted me to embark on these topics is to be able to widen my

knowledge in achieving quality education in the new normal education.

c. How did you select the questions for your action research?
In relevance with the needs of student after the pandemic.

d. How long did you conduct your action research?

My action research is still on the process of evaluation. Although, I already had my
timeframe to finish it, it’s still need approval from the higher authorities.

e. What are the challenges and problems you encountered while conducting your action
research?
Financial aspect serves as the major setback in conducting my action research.
Furthermore, time constraints also contributed in the delay of my action research.

2. Processing
Examine the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:
1. Do the topics reflect the educational issues and problems encountered in school? yes
2. Are the research questions aligned with the research topics? yes
3. What could be done to help teachers improve the way they select topics and develop good
research questions?
Learn how to highlight a reliable source. Because not every source is trustworthy, you
must be able to distinguish between the good and bad. To find a reliable reference, use your
ability to think critically and analytically and start questioning yourself the key questions: Would
this reference concede with other source information I've found? Is the author a subject matter
expert? Is there a conflict of interest in the viewpoint of the author on this discussion?
And to develop a good research question it should be focused and researchable, to keep
your work focused, your main research question should work collaboratively with your research
problem. If you have several questions, they should all clearly relate back to your primary
objective. And also, it should be feasible and specific, make sure you have enough resources and
time to conduct all of the necessary research to respond to your question. If it appears that you
will not be able to obtain the information you require, take into account narrowing your
question to make it more precise. All of the terms in the research question should have precise
definitions. Avoid ambiguous language, colloquialisms, and overly broad concepts.

3. Reflection
Write your reflection by completing the following statements:
 I realized that:
A valid question for classroom action research is constructive, persuasive, and essential
to you as a researcher-teacher it should elicit your fondness, effort, and dedication. It must be
important for your professional and personal growth and it must stretch you both intellectually
and emotionally.

 I believe it is essential to:

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Create a research question that has a significant impact on students. A good

questionnaire helps your students by apprising your classroom instruction and teaching
methods, providing new insights into students' learning, expanding and strengthening your
perceptions, or facilitating learning.

 From now on, I am determined to:

Conduct action research in the future, but it is more important to me is that I need to be
more authentic in developing a research question. Because you are more likely to engage in the
research if you own the question and recognize your subjectivity.

ACTIVITY 4: ACTION RESEARCH PROCESS

Objectives:
1. Learn the process in conducting action research; and
2. Evaluate the process of different action research done in school.

Education Theory
Give what is asked below:
1. Give interrelated processes in action research and things to consider for each process
CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
A. Background
In this section you need to present three items: (1) a brief introduction to the general
area to be addressed by the study; (2) the problems to solve or condition to improve and their
urgency to deal with; and (3) reason(s) for choosing the topic.

B. Problem (s) Statement

List 1 or 2 problems identified from the background in interrogative sentences. See the
following.

C. Research Objectives
Write down the specific, clear and to the point statements of intended outcomes from
the research to undertake. Do this transforming the questions in the problem statement section
into positive form.

D. Research Significances
List what advantages could be expected from the research’s result to as many parties as
possible, e.g., to students involved in the study, to teaching practice, to ELT theories, and to the
researchers themselves.

E. Research Scope
In one or two paragraph, describe the reason(s) for limiting the research factors. Then,
describe the exact area of the research, such as period of time, the participants, unit of analysis

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(e.g., policy, programs, activities, actual behaviors etc.), method and instrument of data
collection. Keep in mind that those items should be in line with the title. Finally, explain the
impact of those limitations to the results and their applicability

F. Operational Definitions
Take some words from the title which you think could possibly be multi-interpreted by
different readers (three to five terms will do) and define each of the words in accordance with
the context of the study.

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, AND HYPOTHESIS
Start with an introductory paragraph in which you introduce what to present in this chapter.

A. Literature Review
Summarize relevant concepts provided by experts as references to the undertaken study.

In this section you need to cite from some external scientific works which will add
credibility to your ideas. However, any time you cite from external materials, you are required to
identify the sources in the form of systematic references. However, any time you cite from
external materials, you are required to identify the sources in the form of systematic references.

B. Conceptual Framework
In one to two paragraphs relate the background to the problems and show how the
action research conducted will hopefully provide solutions to the problems.

C. Action Hypothesis (optional)

State the action hypothesis in the form of if-conditional statement.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Method
Briefly but concisely describe (two paragraph will suffice) the research method used i.e.
action research.
B. Research Setting and Subjects Features
Explain where and how long the action research was conducted. Include description of
the student’s group (the students’ year/class level, male and female composition, their families’
economical background, level of related language skills mastery, and any other aspects relevant
to the study.

C. Research Variables
In this section, determine the variables that provided answers to the problems. The
variables could be (1) the ‘inputs’ related to the students, teachers, teaching materials,
evaluation procedure, learning environments, etc.; (2) matters related to the teaching and
learning process, such as classroom management, students learning strategies, teaching

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methods, etc.; or (3) ‘output’ variables, like students’ ability to apply skills they have studied,
students’ willingness to initiate further learning, etc.

D. Action Plan
In this section, describe the actions to be implemented, including the plan,
action/implementation, observation, and reflection/analysis phases. The plan description
includes the preparation of pre-test, lesson plan (teaching scenario), equipment preparation,
and alternative solutions to be implemented. The action/ implementation description reveals
the actions to be conducted, corrective action scenario, and the procedure of carrying out the
action. The observation describes the procedure for collecting and interpreting the data. The
description of reflection/analysis includes the data analysis procedure and the criteria and plan
for conducting the next cycle.

E. Data Collection Instrument and Technique

In this section, describe how the data will be collected, including the specific technique,
its procedure and the instruments for collecting data. If, for instance, the data will be collected
using tests, describe the feature of the tests and how they will be administered. Do the same to
questionnaire, observation and interview if they will also be used.

F. Data Analysis Technique

Briefly but concisely describe the research data analysis technique to be used i.e.
descriptive analysis and the statistical analysis (e.g. t-test)—if one will be used.

G. Data Triangulation
Describe each of the data triangulation techniques to be used to guarantee the data
validity. If, for instance, theoretical and time triangulation will be used, provide the rationale of
employing them.
H. Success Indicator
Set up relevant and realistic success indicator for the action research. To do this, you
should perceive as many as possible factors that affect the research. Setting up a too ambitious
indicator may drive you into frustrated condition.

I. Research Procedure
List the general steps of conducting the action research, beginning from the step of
forming the research teamwork, asking permission from the school headmaster (if necessary),
conducting the research, and writing the report.

2. Write the outline of an action research

ACTION RESEARCH OUTLINE

I. Situation
II. Problem: Specifies the core difficulty or crisis
IIL Generation of Alternate Solution
a. This portion brings about the possible approaches to solve the problem

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IV. Plan of Action

a) Objectives: are the goal towards which all the efforts are directed
b) Time Frame; specifies the period or duration of the study, the beginning and the ending
c) Target Subjects: are the focus of the study. They compose those who were observed to possess
the problem characteristics, thus corrective measures will be addressing their need for
improvement or enhancing.
d) Activities to be Undertaken: are the things to be done to achieve the objectives of the study.
e) Evaluation Criteria: shows the process by which the success of the project may be gauged.
f) Research Design: summarizes the research activities into sub-components, the subjects, research
activities, the data to be collected and the statistical analysis needed to answer the objectives
specified in the study.
V. Presentation and interpretation of Results
VI. Conclusions - summarizes in clear thoughts and ideas what the findings are, and what this
mean.
VII. Recommendation - are treaties, appeal and entities which are perceived to solve problems
and help establish new system to ease our present problems and make better existing situations.
VIII. Reflection - talks about looking back at the original intentions of the researcher and what
has been achieved.
IX. Bibliography - list of references (textbooks, researches, websites) Follow the APA format

Reference:
https://parlindunganpardede.wordpress.com/2013/10/03/action-research-proposal-outline-2/
https://www.scribd.com/document/403032761/ACTION-RESEARCH-OUTLINE-La-Union-Division-docx

1. Guided Practice
A. Preliminary Activity. Analyze samples of Action Research. Look at the alignment between the
following parts of the research.
Research Research Methodolog Data
Topics Questions y Needed
1. How may the Research Design
EFFECTVENESS OF implementation of Repeated The study used an
REPEATED RDING Reading Strategy to pupils be The action research observation checklist
STRATEGY IN described before and after design was used in this in assessing on how
IMPROVING THE using the intervention in terms study. This design was may the learners be
READING FLUENCY of: employed to assess identified whether
AND a. oral reading fluency in whether the independent reader
COMPREHENSION OF Filipino implemented or frustrated reader.
GRADE b. oral reading fluency in intervention may attest The researchers
7 STUDENTS IN English that through repeated observed and
BIRBIRA HIGH c. reading comprehension reading the students checked the
SCHOOL d. scores gained were able to improve mispronounced
2. Is there a significant their reading fluency and words and
difference on the scores gained comprehension. comprehension of
by the pupils on pre-test and the learners as they
on post-test? Subject of the Study go through
interventions to

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The subjects of the study improve their

were the students from reading
Birbira High School,
specifically Grade 7

Location of the Study

The location of the study

was at the Birbira High
School located at Birbira
Camiling, Tarlac
The Effectiveness of 1. What is the level of Researchers will use
E-TASK (Electronic TLE academic performance of the A. Participants and data collection
Assessment of respondents after the Sources of data and instruments such as
Student Knowledge interventions? information 20-item multiple-
and Skills) 2. Is there a significant The study participants choice questions
Intervention toward difference between will be 40 randomly that were teacher-
addressing Learners respondent`s level of academic selected Grade 11 made based on the
Academic performance? bonafide learners from Essential Learning
Performance in TVL 3. What is the level of Birbira High School, Competencies
Animal Production academic performance of the officially enrolled in the crafted with Table of
respondents after the Learner Information Specifications (TOS)
intervention? System for School Year to be used as pretest
4. What are the lived (SY) 2022-2023. and post-test
experiences of Grade 11 subjects for validity
learners as they go through B. Data Gathering and reliability tests.
the intervention? Method
The researchers anchor
the study in pre-
Experimental research
design, particularly the
one-group pretest-
posttest design. This
research design is pre-
experimental, whereby a
single case is observed
two times before and
after.

C. Ethical Issues
To ensure high ethical
standards throughout
this research, the
researchers assure

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permission from
authorities such as the
school principal.
Certificates of voluntary
participation and
informed consent among
participants and their
parents or guardian shall
also be secured. All
information and data
provided, including
name, shall be treated
with confidentiality.
Moreover, all related
literature of this research
will be properly cited and
acknowledged in the
References section.

D. Plan for Data Analysis

The researchers will use
different methods of
data analysis that include
descriptive statistics and
tests of significance.
B. Evaluate a sample action research based on the following criteria:
Parts of the Research Comments
1. Introduction
a. Is the background and rationale clear
and logical? yes The overall outline of the introduction is well-
b. Is there enough theoretical define and the flow is systematic which is very
background provided for the action interesting to read.
research? yes
c. Do the research questions reflect the
variables based on the topic? yes
d. Is the study significant? yes
2. Review of Related Literature and Studies
a. Is there enough study to support the There is enough related study to support each
research? yes claim. And the literature review is well
b. Does the study include findings of synthesized since it is latest study from the
previous researches? yes different author.
c. Is there a logical presentation of
literature and studies? yes
3. Methodology
a. Is the methodology appropriate for the This chapter shows it appropriateness in relation
study? yes to the study specially on the collection procedure.
b. Are the research tools validated? yes

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c. Are the data collection procedures

clear? yes
d. Is the data analysis procedure valid?
yes
4. Results of the Study
a. Is the presentation of the results logical Since it is only a proposal and still waiting for the
and based on the research questions? validation that is why there is no result yet.
b. Is the statistical analysis valid?
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
a. Are the conclusions supportive of the
results?
b. Are the recommendations made based Since it is only a proposal and still waiting for the
on the results of the study? validation that is why there is no result yet.
c. Are the recommendations helpful for
solving educational issues?

2. Processing
Examine the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:
1. Does the action research do follow the standard format? Yes
2. What could be done to help teachers improve the way they conduct action research?
Encourage teachers who have expressed an interest in creating action research,
encourage them to share their findings across the school and use their classroom as a place to
explore and test ideas and strategies that can support participants to improving teaching and
learning through classroom-based research.

3. Reflection
Write your reflection by completing the following statements:
 I realized that:
“No action without research—no research without action.” This statement by famous
psychologist Kurt Lewin explains that it is certainly possible, and perhaps commonplace, for
people to try to have one without the other, but the unique combination of the two is what
distinguishes action research from most other forms of enquiry. Traditional research emphasizes
the review of prior research, rigorous control of the research design, and generalizable and
preferably statistically significant results, all of which help examine the theoretical significance of
the issue. Action research, with its emphasis on the insider’s perspective and the practical
significance of a current issue, may instead allow less representative sampling, looser
procedures, and the presentation of raw data and statistically insignificant results.

 I believe it is essential to:

To know that when it comes to teaching, we practitioners might be interested in trying out
different teaching methods in the classroom, but are unsure of their effectiveness. But through
action research it provides us an opportunity to explore the effectiveness of a particular teaching

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practice, the development of a curriculum, or your students’ learning, hence making continual
improvement possible

 From now on, I am determined to:

use of an interactive action-and-research process in the future which enables us to get
an idea of what they and their learners really do inside of the classroom, not merely what they
think they can do. By doing this, it is hoped that both the teaching and the learning occurring in
the classroom can be better tailored to fit the learners’ needs.

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