DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL BANGALORE - EAST

CHEMISTRY
LAB MANUAL
CLASS XI
 PRACTICALS
The record and the project report to be submitted by the students at the time of their annual
examination.
Evaluation Scheme

Time Allowed: Three hours

Max. Marks: 30

Salt Analysis 8 Marks

Volumetric Analysis 8 Marks
Record 5 Marks
Investigatory Project 4 Marks
Viva 3 Marks
Discipline 2 Marks
Total 30 marks

EXPERIMENTS
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

1. To determine the strength of the given sodium hydroxide solution using M/20
oxalic acid solution.
2. To determine the molarity and strength of the given hydrochloric acid solution
using M/10 sodium carbonate solution.

SALT ANALYSIS

1. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. (Ammonium Carbonate)

2. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. (Ammonium Chloride)
3. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. (Lead Acetate)
4. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. (Aluminium Sulphate)
5. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. (Zinc Acetate)
6. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. (Barium Bromide)
7. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. (Strontium Chloride)
8. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. (Calcium Chloride)
9. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. (Magnesium Nitrate)
 SUGGESTED INVESTIGATORY PROJECTS

1. Amount of acetic acid in vinegar

2. To determine caffeine content in the samples of tea
3. Determination of contents of cold drink
4. Extraction of essential oil
5. To Compare rate of fermentation of different sample
6. Study of adulteration in food
7. Study on presence of insecticide and pesticide in fruits and vegetables
8. Estimate the quantity of casein in milk
9. Preparation of soap
10. To find the effect of acids and alkalies on tensile strength of cotton, wool and
nylon fibres.
11. Preparation of potash alum from scrap aluminium.
12. Study of oxalate ions in Guava fruit.
13. Preparation of dye.
14. To analyse the given sample of commercial antacid by determining the amount of
HCl they can utilize.
 INDEX

Pg. Teacher’s
Sl. No EXPERIMENT Date
No Signature
Identify cation and anion in the given
1.
salt. (Ammonium Carbonate)
Identify cation and anion in the given
2.
salt. (Ammonium Carbonate)

Identify cation and anion in the given

3.
salt.
(Lead Acetate)
Identify cation and anion in the
4. given salt.
(Aluminium Sulphate)
Identify cation and anion in the given
5. salt. (Zinc Acetate)

Identify cation and anion in the given

6. salt. (Barium Bromide)

Identify cation and anion in the given

7. salt. (Strontium Chloride)

Identify cation and anion in the given

8. salt. (Calcium Chloride)

Identify cation and anion in the given

9. salt. (Magnesium Nitrate)

To determine the strength of the given sodium

10. hydroxide solution using M/20 oxalic acid solution.

To determine the molarity and strength of the given

11. hydrochloric acid solution using M/10
sodium carbonate solution.
Guidelines to Write Records:

1. Use BLUE INK only.

2. Diagrams to be drawn in pencil. Geometry instruments to

be used. No free handdiagrams.

3. Table borders to be drawn using ruler and pencil. Content to be written

in pen.

4. Page borders to be drawn on blank page.

5. BLANK PAGE: Reactions, Figure,

Observation (tabular column etc),Calculations.

6. RULED PAGE: Aim, Apparatus, Theory, Procedure, Result, Precautions,

7. Date of experiment, tabular column and result to be

entered after experiment is conducted in lab.
8. Please follow all the instructions.
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
OF SIMPLE SALT
EXPERIMENT NO. FROM 1
TO 9 (TOTAL 9
SALTS)
 EXPERIMENT 1
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SALT-1

AIM:To identify the given salt.

PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Solubility in water Soluble in cold
water
2 Physical state crystalline

IDENTIFICATION OF ANION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Test with dil. H2SO4: Brisk effervescence Presence of group-I
is observed anion.
To little salt dil. H2SO4 is added.
May be carbonate.

2 CONFIRMATION OF ANION: lime water Carbonate (CO32-

turns milky )isconfirmed.
Gas is passed through lime water.

IDENTIFICATION OF CATION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 To little of the salt solution, Colourless pungent Presence of group
NaOH is added and boiled. gas gives dense zero cation
white fumes, when (NH4+).
a glass rod dipped
in dil HCl is
brought near the
mouth of the test
tube
2 CONFIRMATION OF CATION: A brown ppt NH4+ ion
is observed. is
To the above solution, few drops confirmed.
of Nessler’s reagent is added.
RESULT:
The given salt contains:
Acidic radical (anion): CO32-
Basic radical (cation): NH4+
Therefore, the given salt is Ammonium Carbonate [(NH4)2CO3].

L.H.S

ANION:
Carbonate ion: -

(NH4)2CO3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + H2O + CO2

CATION:
Ammonium ion:
(NH4)2CO3 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + 2H2O + 2NH3
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
NESSLERS REAGENT

2K2 [HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O

Potassium tetraiodo mercurate (II) Iodide of millons base
(amido iodo mercury)
Brown ppt.
 EXPERIMENT NO.2
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SALT-2

AIM: To identify the given salt.

PROCEDURE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Solubility in water Soluble in cold
water
2 Physical state Crystalline

IDENTIFICATION OF ANION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Test with dil. H2SO4: No effervescence Absence of group-I
To little salt dil. H2SO4 is added. observed anion.

2 Test with conc. H2SO4: Gives white dense May be chloride.

To little salt conc.H2SO4 is added. fumes when a glass
rod dipped in dil
NH3 is brought near
the mouth of the test
tube
3 CONFIRMATION OF ANION: A curdy white ppt Chloride ion is
To salt solution, Conc.HNO3 which is soluble in confirmed.
and AgNO3 solution are added. NH4OH is observed

IDENTIFICATION OF CATION:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 To little of the salt solution, Colourless pungent Presence of group
NaOH is added and boiled. gas gives dense zero cation
white fumes, when (NH4+).
a glass rod dipped
in dil HCl is
brought near the
mouth of the test
tube
2 CONFIRMATION OF CATION: A brown ppt NH4+ ion
is observed. is
To the above solution, few drops confirmed.
of Nessler’s reagent is added.

RESULT:
The given salt contains:
Acidic radical (anion):Cl-
Basic radical(cation): NH4+
Therefore, the given salt is Ammonium Chloride [NH4Cl].
 L.H.S
ANION:
Chloride ion:
CaCl2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2HCl

Confirmation of anion:
Silver nitrate test:
CaCl2 + 2AgNO3 2AgCl + Ca(NO3)2
Silver chloride
White ppt.
AgCl + 2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
White ppt. soluble

CATION:
Ammonium ion:
(NH4)2CO3 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + 2H2O + 2NH3
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
NESSLERS REAGENT

2K2 [HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O

Potassium tetraiodo mercurate (II) Iodide of millons base
(amido iodo mercury)
Brown ppt.
 EXPERIMENT 3
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SALT-3

AIM:To identify the given salt.

PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Solubility in water soluble in cold water
2 Physical state Crystalline

IDENTIFICATION OF ANION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Test with dil. H2SO4 No effervescence Absence of group-I
observed anion.
To little salt dil. H2SO4 is added.

2 Test with conc. H2SO4: Colourless vapours Presence of

with vinegar like
To little salt conc.H2SO4 is added. group-II anion:
smell is observed
May be acetate ion.
3 CONFIRMATION OF ANION
(i) Test with oxalic acid: Vinegar like smell Acetate ion
To little salt, add oxalic is observed. is confirmed.
acid and few drops of
water.
A pleasant fruity Acetate ion
(ii) To salt solution, add conc.
odour is is
H2SO4 and heat. Add
observed. confirmed.
ethylalcohol, shake and
pour inbeaker containing
water.
(iii) FERRIC CHLORIDE TEST: Reddish Color
To salt solution add Filtrate
neutralFeCl3 and filter
and divide filtrate into two
parts.
a. To part-I add water Reddish brown Acetate ion
and boil ppt is formed. is
confirmed.
b. To part-II add dil HCl Reddish colour Acetate ion
disappears. is confirmed.
IDENTIFICATION OF CATION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 To little of the salt solution, No colourless Absence of group
add NaOH solution and boil. pungent gas zero cation
observed. (NH +).
4

2 To little salt solution, dil.HCl is White ppt is formed Presence of group-I

added. cation.

3 CONFIRMATION OF CATION:
Boil white ppt with distilled water Precipitate dissolves

Divide into two parts.

Pb+2 is confirmed.
i. To part-I add potassium Yellow ppt is
iodide solution. formed.
ii. To part-II, add K2CrO4 Pb+2 is confirmed.
Yellow ppt is
solution.
formed.

RESULT:
The given salt contains:
Acidic radical (anion): CH3COO-
Basic radical (cation): Pb+2
Therefore, the given salt is Lead acetate (CH3COO)2Pb.

L.H.S
Anion:
Acetate ion:
Oxalic acid Test:
COOH + 2(CH3COO)2Pb COOPb + 2CH3COOH
COOH COOPb Acetic acid
Ester test:
(CH3COO)2Pb + H2SO4 PbSO4 + 2CH3COOH
Ferric chloride test:

3(CH3COO)2Pb + 2FeCl3 2(CH3COO)3Fe + 3PbCl2

(CH3COO)3Fe + 2H2O (CH3COO)(OH)2Fe +
2CH3COOH

CATION:
Lead ion:

(CH3COO)2Pb + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2CH3COOH

Lead Chloride
(White ppt.)
Potassium Iodide Test:

Potassium Chromate Test:

 EXPERIMENT NO. 4
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SALT-4
AIM:To identify the given salt.
PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Solubility in water soluble in cold water
2 Physical state Crystalline

IDENTIFICATION OF ANION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Test with dil. H2SO4: No effervescence Absence of group-I
observed anion.
To little salt dil. H2SO4 is added.

2 Test with conc. H2SO4: No characteristic Absence of group-II

observation. anion.
To little salt conc.H2SO4 is added.

3 Test with BaCl2: White ppt is formed, Presence of

which is insoluble in
To salt solution, BaCl2: solution is group-III anion.
in dil.HCl.
added.
May be sulphate ion.

4 CONFIRMATION OF ANION: A white ppt is Sulphate ion is

formed, which is confirmed.
LEAD ACETATE TEST:
soluble in excess
To salt solution, dil.acetic acid of hot ammonium
and lead acetate solution is added. acetate solution.

IDENTIFICATION OF CATION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 To little of the salt solution, No colourless Absence of group
add NaOH solution and boil. pungent gas zero cation
observed. (NH4+).
 2 To little salt solution, dil.HCl is No ppt is formed Absence of group-I
added. cation.
3 To salt solution, dil HCl: and H2S No ppt is formed. Absence of
solution is added.
group-II cation.

4 To salt solution, solid NH4Cl and White ppt is formed. Presence of group
excess of NH4OH are added. III cation (Al+3).
5 CONFIRMATION OF CATION: A blue ppt Al+3 ion confirmed.
suspended in a
LAKE TEST
colourless solution is
To white ppt, dil.HCl and few observed.
drops of blue litmus solution and
excess of ammonium hydroxide
solution are added

RESULT:
The given salt contains:
Acidic radical (anion): SO42-
Basic radical (cation): Al+3
Therefore, the given salt is Aluminium Sulphate [Al2(SO4)3].

L.H.S
ANION:
Sulphate ion:
Confirmation of Sulphate -

Al2(SO4)3 + 3Pb (CH3COO)2 3PbSO4 + 2Al (CH3COO)3

White ppt.
CATION:
Aluminium ion:
Al2(SO4)3 + 3 NH4OH 3(NH4)2SO4 + Al (OH)3
White ppt.
Lake Test:
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O
AlCl3 + 3NH4OH 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3
Blue colour absorbs on this ppt.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SALT-5

AIM:To identify the given salt.

PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Solubility in water Soluble in cold
water
2 Physical state Crystalline

IDENTIFICATION OF ANION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Test with dil. H2SO4: No effervescence Absence of group-I
observed anion.
To little salt dil. H2SO4 is added.

2 Test with conc. H2SO4: Colourless vapours Presence of

with vinegar like
To little salt conc.H2SO4 is added. group-II anion.
smell.
May be acetate ion.
CONFIRMATION OF ANION
(i) Test with oxalic acid: Vinegar like smell Acetate ion
To little salt, oxalic acid and is observed. is confirmed.
few drops of water are added.
(ii) Esterification Test:
A pleasant fruity Acetate ion
To salt solution, add
odour is is confirmed
conc.H2SO4 and heat. Add
observed.
ethyl alcohol, shake and pour
in beaker containing water.

(iii) Ferric chloride Test:

To salt solution add neutral Reddish Colour
FeCl3 and filter and divide filtrate Filtrate
into two parts.
Acetate ion
is confirmed.
a. To part-I add water
Reddish brown
and boil
ppts formed.
b. To part-II add dil HCl Acetate ion
Reddish colour
is confirmed.
disappears.
 IDENTIFICATION OF CATION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 To little of the salt solution, No colourless Absence of group
NaOH solution is added and pungent gas zero cation
boiled. observed. (NH +).
4

2 To little salt solution, dil.HCl is No ppt is formed Absence of group-I

added. cation.

3 To salt solution, dil. HCl: and H2S No ppt is formed. Absence of

solution is added. group-II cation.

4 To salt solution, NH4Cl and No ppt is formed. Absence of group III

NH4OH are added. cation.
5 To salt solution, solid NH4Cl and white colour ppt Presence of
excess of NH4OH and H2S solution is observed. Group-IV cation.
is added.
6 CONFIRMATION OF CATION:

Dissolve white ppt in dil.HCl and

divide into two parts.
i. To part-I add potassium Bluish white ppt is Zn+2 is confirmed.
ferrocyanide solution. formed.

ii. To part-II, add NaOH White ppt soluble

solution. in excess of NaOH. Zn+2 is confirmed.

RESULT:
The given salt contains :
Acidic radical (anion):
CH3COO- Basic radical (cation):
Zn+2
Therefore, the given salt is zinc acetate [(CH3COO)2Zn].

L.H.S
Anion:
Acetate ion:
Oxalic acid Test:
COOH + 2(CH3COO)2Zn COOZn + 2CH3COOH
COOH COOZn Acetic acid
Ester test:
(CH3COO)2Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + 2CH3COOH
Ferric chloride test:

3(CH3COO)2Zn + 2FeCl3 2(CH3COO)3Fe + 3ZnCl2

(CH3COO)3Fe + 2H2O (CH3COO)(OH)2Fe +
2CH3COOH

Cation:
Zinc ion:
The white ppt. of ZnS dissolves in dil.HCl, and H2S is boiled

off. ZnS + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2S

Confirmation of cation:
1. Potassium ferrocyanide test:

2. NaOH test:

Zn(OH)2 + 2 NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O

White ppt. soluble
 EXPERIMENT NO. 6
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SALT-6

AIM:To identify the given salt.

PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Solubility in water Soluble in cold
water
2 Physical state Crystalline

IDENTIFICATION OF ANION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Test with dil. H2SO4: No effervescence Absence of group-I
observed anion.
To little salt dil. H2SO4 is added.

2 Test with conc. H2SO4: Reddish brown May be bromide

vapours with
To little salt conc.H2SO4 is added.
pungent smell is
obtained
3 CONFIRMATION OF ANION: A pale yellow ppt Bromide ion is
which is partially confirmed.
To salt solution, conc.HNO3 and
soluble in NH4OH is
AgNO3 solution are added.
observed
IDENTIFICATION OF CATION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 To little of the salt No colourless Absence of group
solution, NaOHsolution is pungent gas zero cation
added and boiled. observed. (NH +).
4

2 To little salt solution, dil. HCl No ppt is formed Absence of group-I

is added. cation.

3 To salt solution, dil. HCl and No ppt is formed. Absence of

H2Ssolution is added. group-II cation.

4 To salt solution, No ppt is formed. Absence of group III

NH4Cl andNH4OH cation.
are added.
5 To salt solution, add NH4Cl No ppt is observed. Absence of
and excess of NH4OH and group-IV cation.
H2S solutionis added.
6 To the salt solution, NH4Cl, White ppt is Presence of group-V
excessof NH4OH and excess observed. cation. May be Ca+2
of (NH4)2CO3 is added and Ba+2 or Sr+2
shaken.

7 CONFIRMATION OF
CATION:
White ppt is dissolved in dil.
Acetic acid and divide
solution into three parts.
(i) Potassium chromate test: Yellow ppt is
Presence of Ba+2 ion
To one part of the above formed
solution in a test tube, add a
few drops of potassium
chromate solution
Apple green colour
(ii) Flame Test: flame/light green flame / Ba2+ is confirmed
To the salt solution, grassy green flame is
conc.HCl is added. observed
 RESULT:
The given salt contains:
Acidic radical (anion): Br-
Basic radical (cation): Ba+2
Therefore, the given salt is Barium Bromide [BaBr2].

L.H.S
ANION:
Bromide ion:
BaBr2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HBr

Confirmation of anion:
Silver nitrate test:
BaBr2 + 2AgNO3 2AgBr + Ba(NO3)2
Silver bromide
Pale yellow ppt.
Cation:
Barium ion:
When (NH4)2CO3 is added to a salt solution containing NH4Cl and NH4OH, the carbonate of
Ba+2 is precipitated.

BaBr2 + (NH4)2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NH4Br

White ppt. of BaCO3 is dissolved in hot dilute acetic acid.

Confirmation of cation:

Potassium chromate Test:

 EXPERIMENT NO.7
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SALT-7

AIM: To identify the given salt.

PROCEDURE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Solubility in water Soluble in cold
water
2 Physical state Crystalline

IDENTIFICATION OF ANION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Test with dil. H2SO4: No effervescence Absence of group-I
To little salt dil. H2SO4 is added. observed anion.

2 Test with conc. H2SO4: Gives white dense May be chloride.

To little salt conc.H2SO4 is added. fumes when a glass
rod dipped in dil
NH3 is brought near
the mouth of the test
tube
3 CONFIRMATION OF ANION: A curdy white ppt Chloride ion is
To salt solution, conc.HNO3 and which is soluble in confirmed.
AgNO3 solution are added. NH4OH is observed

IDENTIFICATION OF CATION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 To little of the salt solution, NaOH No colourless Absence of group
solution is added and boiled. pungent gas zero cation (NH4+).
observed.
2 To little salt solution, dil.HCl is No ppt is formed Absence of group-I
added. cation.

3 To salt solution, dil. HCl and H2S No ppt is formed. Absence of

solution is added. group-II cation.

4 To salt solution, NH4Cl and No ppt is formed. Absence of group III

NH4OH are added. cation.

5 To salt solution add NH4Cl and No ppt is observed. Absence of

excess of NH4OH and H2S solution group-IV cation.
is added.
6 To the salt solution, NH4Cl, excess White ppt is Presence of group-V
of NH4OH and excess of observed. cation. May be Ca+2
 (NH4)2CO3 is added and shaken. Ba+2 or Sr+2

7 CONFIRMATION OF
CATION:
1. White ppt is dissolved in
dil.acetic acid and boiled off CO2
and divide solution into three parts. No ppt is formed Absence of Ba+2 ion
i. To one part of the above
solution in a test tube,
add a few drops of
potassium chromate
solution White ppt is formed Sr+2 is present
ii. To second part of the
above solution in a test
tube, add 1 ml of
ammonium sulphate
solution and warm the
contents No ppt. is formed Absence of Ca+2 ion
iii. To part-III, add
ammonium oxalate and
ammonium hydroxide
solution.
Crimson red colour Ca2+ is confirmed
flame is observed
2. FLAME TEST:
To the salt solution,
conc.HCl is added

RESULT:
The given salt contains:
Acidic radical (anion):Cl-
Basic radical(cation):Sr+2
Therefore, the given salt is Calcium Chloride [SrCl2].

L.H.S
ANION:
Chloride ion:
CaCl2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2HCl

Confirmation of anion:
Silver nitrate test:
CaCl2 + 2AgNO3 2AgCl + Ca(NO3)2
Silver chloride
White ppt.
AgCl + 2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
White ppt. soluble
Cation:
Strontium ion:
When (NH4)2CO3 is added to a salt solution containing NH4Cl and NH4OH, the carbonate of
Sr+2 is precipitated.

SrCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 SrCO3 + 2NH4Cl

White ppt. of SrCO3 is dissolved in hot dilute acetic acid.

Confirmation of cation:
Ammonium sulphate test:
 EXPERIMENT NO. 8
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SALT-8

AIM: To identify the given salt.

PROCEDURE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Solubility in water Soluble in cold
water
2 Physical state Crystalline

IDENTIFICATION OF ANION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Test with dil. H2SO4: No effervescence Absence of group-I
To little salt dil. H2SO4 is added. observed anion.

2 Test with conc. H2SO4: Gives white dense May be chloride.

To little salt conc.H2SO4 is added. fumes when a glass
rod dipped in dil.
NH3 is brought near
the mouth of the test
tube
3 CONFIRMATION OF ANION: A curdy white ppt Chloride ion is
To salt solution, conc.HNO3 and which is soluble in confirmed.
AgNO3 solution are added. NH4OH is observed

IDENTIFICATION OF CATION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 To little of the salt solution, NaOH No colourless Absence of group
solution is added and boiled. pungent gas zero cation (NH4+).
observed.
2 To little salt solution, dil.HCl is No ppt is formed Absence of group-I
added. cation.

3 To salt solution, dil. HCl and H2S No ppt is formed. Absence of

solution is added. group-II cation.

4 To salt solution, NH4Cl and No ppt is formed. Absence of group III

NH4OH are added. cation.

5 To salt solution add NH4Cl and No ppt is observed. Absence of

excess of NH4OH and H2S solution group-IV cation.
is added.

6 To the salt solution, NH4Cl, excess White ppt is Presence of group-V

of NH4OH and excess of observed. cation. May be Ca+2
 (NH4)2CO3 is added and shaken. Ba+2 or Sr+2

7 CONFIRMATION OF
CATION:
1. White ppt is dissolved in
dil.acetic acid and boiled off CO2
and divide solution into three parts. No ppt is formed Absence of Ba+2 ion
i. To one part of the above
solution in a test tube, No ppt is formed Absence of Sr+2
add a few drops of
potassium chromate
solution White ppt is formed Calcium ion is
ii. To second part of the present
above solution in a test
tube, add 1 ml of Brick red colour
ammonium sulphate flame is observed Ca2+ is confirmed
solution and warm the
contents
iii. To part-III, add
ammonium oxalate and
ammonium hydroxide
solution.

2. FLAME TEST:
To the salt solution,
conc.HCl is added.

RESULT:
The given salt contains:
Acidic radical (anion): Cl-
Basic radical (cation): Ca+2
Therefore, the given salt is Calcium Chloride [CaCl2].

L.H.S
ANION:
Chloride ion:
CaCl2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2HCl

Confirmation of anion:
Silver nitrate test:
CaCl2 + 2AgNO3 2AgCl + Ca(NO3)2
Silver chloride
White ppt.
AgCl + 2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
White ppt. soluble
Cation:
Calcium ion:
When (NH4)2CO3 is added to a salt solution containing NH4Cl and NH4OH, the carbonate of
Ca+2 is precipitated.

CaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NH4Cl

White ppt. of CaCO3 is dissolved in hot dilute acetic acid.

Confirmation of cation:
Ammonium oxalate test:
 EXPERIMENT NO. 9
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SALT-9

AIM: To identify the given salt.

PROCEDURE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Solubility in water Soluble in cold
water
2 Physical state crystalline

IDENTIFICATION OF ANION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Anion Indication Test
1 Test with dil. H2SO4:
To little salt dil. H2SO4 is added. No effervescence Absence of group-I
observed anion.
2 Test with conc. H2SO4:
Heat a pinch of the salt with conc. Reddish Brown gas Presence of group-II
H2SO4 and add few copper chips. evolved. anion.
May be nitrate.
3 CONFIRMATION OF ANION:
Brown ring test
To 2-3mL of salt solution, add A dark brown ring is Nitrate (NO3)-
freshly prepared FeSO4 solution. formed at the is confirmed.
Then add concentrated sulphuric junction of two
acid along the sides of the test tube. liquids.

IDENTIFICATION OF CATION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Cation Indication Test
1 Heat a pinch of salt with conc. No colourless Absence of group
NaOH solution. pungent gas zero cation (NH4+).
observed.
2 To salt solution, add dil. HCl. No ppt is formed. Absence of group-I
cation.
3 To salt solution, add dil. HCl and No ppt is formed. Absence of
pass H2S gas. group-II cation.

4 To salt solution, add NH4Cl and No ppt is formed. Absence of group III
NH4OH. cation.

5 To salt solution, add NH4Cl and No ppt is observed. Absence of

excess of NH4OH and H2S group-IV cation.
solution.

Absence of group-V
 6 To the salt solution, add NH4Cl, No ppt is observed. cation.
excess of NH4OH and excess of
(NH4)2CO3.

7 To the salt solution, add NH4Cl, White ppt is Presence of group-

excess of NH4OH and ammonium observed. VI cation.
phosphate solution.
CONFIRMATION OF White ppt is Mg+2ion is
CATION: observed. confirmed.
To the salt solution, add NH4Cl,
excess of NH4OH and excess of
ammonium phosphate solution.

RESULT:
The given salt contains :
Acidic radical (anion): NO3-
Basic radical (cation): Mg+2
Therefore, the given salt is Magnesium Nitrate [Mg (NO3)2].

L.H.S
ANION:
Nitrate ion:-
1. Copper Test:
Mg (NO3)2 + H2SO4 MgSO4 + 2HNO3
4HNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
(Reddish brown gas)
2. Ring Test:
Mg (NO3)2 + H2SO4 MgSO4 + 2HNO3
6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O [Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4
(Brown ring)
CATION:
Magnesium ion:
Ammonium phosphate test:
Mg (NO3)2 + NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4 Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2NH4NO3 + H2O
(Magnesium ammonium phosphate)
(White ppt)
 EXPERIMENT NO. 10

AIM: To determine the strength of the given sodium hydroxide solution using M/20 oxalic
acid solution.

THEORY: Here, the sodium hydroxide solution is taken in burette and a known volume
(20.0 ml) of the oxalic acid solution is taken in the titration flask. The titration is carried out
using phenolphthalein as indicator.

Chemical Equation :

OR

Indicator Used- Phenolphthalein.

End Point: Colourless to pink (Alkali in burette)

Procedure -

1. Take a burette and wash it with water.

2. Rinse and then fill the burette with the given sodium hydroxide solution. Clamp it
vertically in burette stand.
3. Rinse the pipette with the given oxalic acid solution.
4. Pipette out 10 ml of the oxalic acid solution in a washed titration flask.
5. Add 1-2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator into it and place it just below the nozzle of
the burette over a white glazed tile.
6. Note down the lower meniscus of the solution in the burette and record it as the initial
burette reading.
7. Now run the sodium hydroxide solution slowly and dropwise into the flask till a very
faint permanent pink colour is just obtained. Read the lower meniscus of the solution again
in the burette and record it as final burette reading.
8. Repeat the procedure until three concordant readings are obtained.
 L.H.S

OBSERVATIONS:

Molarity of the given oxalic acid solution = M/20

Volume of oxalic acid solution taken for each titration = 10 ml (V1)

S.NO. Initial reading of Final reading of the Volume of the sodium

the burette burette hydroxide solution used

1 …………mL

2 …………mL

3 ………….mL

Concordant Volume =...............x…… mL(say)

Calculations:

According to the equation, one mole of oxalic acid reacts with two moles of sodium
hydroxide.
Therefore,

V oxalic acid * M oxalic acid / VNaOH * MNaOH = Stoichiometric coefficient of Oxalic acid
Stoichiometric coefficient of NaOH

Molarity of the given oxalic acid solution = M/20

10 * 0.05 / x * MNaOH = 1/ 2
MNaOH = 1 / x molL-1

Strength of NaOH in g/L = Molarity x Molar mass

= 1 / x * 40 = 40 / x g/L =..............g/L

R.H.S

Result

The strength of the given sodium hydroxide solution is.................gL−1

Precautions

1. Always rinse the burette with the solution, which is to be taken in it.
2. Remove the air gap if any, from the burette before titrating the solution. Make
sure that the nozzle of burette is also filled.
3. Never forget to remove the funnel from the burette before noting the readings of the
 burette and ensure that no drop is hanging from the nozzle of the burette.
4. Always read the lower meniscus for all transparent solutions and upper meniscus
for coloured solutions.
5. To note the burette readings, place the eye exactly at the level of the meniscus.

EXPERIMENT NO. 11

AIM: To determine the molarity and strength of the given hydrochloric acid solution using
M/10 sodium carbonate solution.
THEORY: Here, the hydrochloric acid solution is taken in burette and a known volume
(10.0 ml) of the sodium carbonate solution is taken in the titration flask. The titration is
carried out using methyl orange as indicator.

Chemical equation:

Indicator used: Methyl orange.

End point: Yellow to pink (Acid in burette)

Procedure:

1. Take a burette and wash it with water.

2. Rinse and then fill the burette with the given hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution. Clamp it
vertically in burette stand.

3. Rinse the pipette with the given sodium carbonate solution.

4. Pipette out 10 ml of the sodium carbonate solution in a washed titration flask.

5. Add 1-2 drops of methyl orange indicator into it and place it just below the nozzle of
the burette over a white glazed tile.

6. Note down the lower meniscus of the solution in the burette and record it as the initial
burette reading.

7. Now run the hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution slowly and dropwise into the flask till a very
faint permanent pink colour is just obtained. Read the lower meniscus of the solution again in
the burette and record it as final burette reading.

8. Repeat the procedure until three concordant readings are obtained.

 L.H.S

OBSERVATIONS:

Molarity of the given oxalic acid solution = M/10

Volume of oxalic acid solution taken for each titration = 10 ml (V1)

S.NO. Initial reading of the Final reading of the Volume of the HCl
burette burette solution used

1 …………mL

2 …………mL

3 ………….mL

Concordant Volume =...............x…… mL(say)

Calculations:
According to the equation, one mole of sodium carbonate reacts with two moles of HCl.
Therefore,

V HCl * M HCl / VNa2CO3 * MNa2CO3 = Stoichiometric coefficient of HCl

Stoichiometric coefficient of Na2CO3

Molarity of the given oxalic acid solution = M/10

MHCl * x / 10 * 0.1 = 2 / 1

MNaOH = 2 / x molL-1

Strength of HCl in g/L = Molarity x Molar mass

 = 2 / x * 36.5 g/L = …….g/L

Result:

The strength of the given hydrochloric acid solution is.....................g/L.

Precautions

1. Always rinse the burette with the solution, which is to be taken in it.
2. Remove the air gap if any, from the burette before titrating the solution. Make
sure that the nozzle of burette is also filled.
3. Never forget to remove the funnel from the burette before noting the readings of the
burette and ensure that no drop is hanging from the nozzle of the burette.
4. Always read the lower meniscus for all transparent solutions and upper meniscus
for coloured solutions.
5. To note the burette readings, place the eye exactly at the level of the meniscus.