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Week 1- Input, Process, And Output

The Input, Process, Output (IPO) model describes how computer systems function by receiving input, processing it, and producing output. Input devices collect data, the CPU processes this data, and output devices present the results in a user-friendly format. This fundamental model applies to all computer systems, regardless of their complexity.

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6 views4 pages

Week 1- Input, Process, And Output

The Input, Process, Output (IPO) model describes how computer systems function by receiving input, processing it, and producing output. Input devices collect data, the CPU processes this data, and output devices present the results in a user-friendly format. This fundamental model applies to all computer systems, regardless of their complexity.

Uploaded by

Kasi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Input, Process, and Output (IPO)

The IPO model is a simple framework used in computing to describe how a computer system
works. Every computer performs three main tasks:

1. Input: Collecting data or instructions from the user or the environment.


2. Process: Manipulating or transforming the input data to make it useful.
3. Output: Producing the final result, usually in a form understandable to the user.

Let's explore each part of the IPO model in detail, along with examples and pictures.

1. Input

The input stage is where the computer receives data or instructions from an external source.
Devices used to gather input are called input devices. Input can come in many forms such as
text, numbers, images, or sounds.

Common Input Devices

• Keyboard: Allows users to type letters, numbers, and symbols.


• Mouse: A pointing device used to select objects on the screen.
• Microphone: Captures audio (voice, sounds).
• Scanner: Digitizes printed documents or images.
• Touchscreen: Acts both as an input and output device, responding to touch.

Examples of Input:

• When you type a letter on a keyboard, the computer receives that as input.
• Moving the mouse to click an icon on your desktop sends input to the computer.
• Speaking into a microphone during a video call provides audio input.

Function of Input Devices: These devices are used to collect raw data, which the system will
then process.

2. Process

The process stage is where the computer takes the input data and manipulates it to produce
useful information. This is done by the Central Processing Unit (CPU), also known as the brain
of the computer. Processing can involve calculations, comparisons, data transformations, or
decision-making.

Types of Processing

• Calculations: Computers can perform arithmetic, such as adding numbers together.


• Comparisons: It can compare data, like determining which number is larger.
• Data Conversion: Transforming data from one format to another, such as converting text
into binary code.

Processing Example:

If you enter the numbers “2” and “3” and ask the computer to add them, the CPU processes the
input by performing the addition and then prepares the output.

Examples of Processing Devices:

• Central Processing Unit (CPU): The "brain" of the computer, which processes all the
instructions and calculations.
• Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Handles the rendering of images and videos.
• RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporarily holds data that the CPU uses while
processing.

Function of Processing Devices: These devices interpret and manipulate the input data to
produce meaningful results. They perform tasks like calculations, comparisons, and storing
temporary data.

3. Output

The output stage is where the computer presents the processed data back to the user in a
readable form. Devices used to display this data are called output devices. The output can be in
the form of text, images, audio, or video.

Common Output Devices

• Monitor: Displays text, images, and videos.


• Printer: Produces a physical copy (hard copy) of a document or image.
• Speakers: Emit sound from the computer, such as music or voice.
• Projector: Projects images or videos onto a large surface like a wall or screen.

Examples of Output:

• When you type a document and it appears on your monitor, that’s output.
• Printing a picture from your computer is an example of physical output.
• Hearing music from speakers when you play a song is also output.

Function of Output Devices: They present the processed information in a form that the user can
understand. This could be in the form of visual output (on a screen), printed output (on paper), or
auditory output (through speakers).
How the IPO Model Works Together

Let’s use a simple example to see how Input, Process, and Output work together:

Imagine you want to calculate 5 + 7 using a calculator app:

1. Input: You enter the numbers 5 and 7 using the keyboard.


2. Process: The CPU calculates the result by adding the two numbers.
3. Output: The result “12” is displayed on the monitor.

In this example, the input is the numbers 5 and 7, the process is the calculation, and the output
is the result 12.

Example 2 of the IPO Model in Action:

Imagine you're writing a report:

• Input: You use a keyboard to type your report.


• Process: The computer's CPU processes the words and formats them into a document.
• Output: The document is displayed on the monitor or printed on paper using a printer.

Pictures of Input, Processing, and Output Devices

Input Devices:

• Keyboard:

• Mouse:

Processing Device:
• CPU (Central Processing Unit):

Output Devices:

• Monitor:

• Printer:

Summary

The Input, Process, Output (IPO) model is a simple way to understand how computers work.
The computer takes in input from the user, processes it using its internal components (like the
CPU), and then produces output for the user to see or hear. All computer systems, no matter
how complex, follow this basic model.

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